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4. Quoted in Hans Rosenberg, Bureaucracy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy: The Prussian Experience, 1660–1815 (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), p. 40.

5. Quoted in Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism (London, 1981–1984), vol. 3, p. 378.

6. Quoted in ibid., p. 245.

7. Quoted in Witold Rybczynski, Home: A Short History of an Idea (New York, 1986), p. 105.

8. Quoted in Jonathan Dewald, The European Nobility, 1400–1800 (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 91–92.

9. Quoted in Peter Gay, Age of Enlightenment (New York, 1966), p. 87.

10. Quoted in Paul Hazard, The European Mind, 1680–1715 (Cleveland, Ohio, 1963), pp. 6–7.

11. Igor Vinogradoff, “Russian Missions to London, 1711–1789: Further Extracts from the Cottrell Papers,” Oxford Slavonic Papers, New Series (1982), 15:76.

12. Quoted in Jeffrey Kaplow, The Names of Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1972), p. 134.

CHAPTER 19

1. Quoted in R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolutions (Princeton, N.J., 1959), vol. 1, p. 239.

2. Quoted in ibid., p. 242.

3. Quoted in O. J. Hufton, “Toward an Understanding of the Poor of Eighteenth-Century France,” in J. F. Bosher, ed., French Government and Society, 1500–1850 (London, 1973), p. 152.

4. Arthur Young, Travels in France During the Years 1787, 1788, and 1789 (Cambridge, 1929), p. 23.

5. Quoted in D. M. G. Sutherland, France, 1789–1815: Revolution and Counter-Revolution (New York, 1986), p. 74.

6. Quoted in William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1989), p. 156.

7. Quoted in ibid., p. 184.

8. Quoted in J. Hardman, ed., French Revolution Documents (Oxford, 1973), vol. 2, p. 23.

9. Quoted in W. Scott, Terror and Repression in Revolutionary Marseilles (London, 1973), p. 84.

10. Quoted in H. Morse Stephens, The Principal Speeches of the Statesmen and Orators of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1892), vol. 2, p. 189.

11. Quoted in Leo Gershoy, The Era of the French Revolution (Princeton, N.J., 1957), p. 157.

12. Quoted in J. M. Th ompson, ed., French Revolution Documents (Oxford, 1933), pp. 258–259.

13. Quoted in Doyle, Oxford History of the French Revolution, p. 254.

14. Quoted in R. R. Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled (New York, 1965), p. 75.

15. Quoted in Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson, eds., Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795 (Urbana, Ill., 1979), p. 132.

16. Ibid., pp. 219–220.

17. Quoted in Elizabeth G. Sledziewski, “The French Revolution as the Turning Point,” in Geneviève Fraisse and Michelle Perrot, eds., A History of Women in the West (Cambridge, 1993), vol. 4, p. 39.

18. Quoted in François Furet and Mona Ozouf, A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), p. 545.

19. Quoted in J. Christopher Herold, ed., The Mind of Napoleon (New York, 1955), p. 43.

20. Quoted in Felix Markham, Napoleon (New York, 1963), pp. 92–93.

21. Quoted in Doyle, Oxford History of the French Revolution, p. 381.

22. Quoted in Herold, ed., The Mind of Napoleon, pp. 74–75.

23. Quoted in Steven Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life (New York, 2004), p. 285.

INDEX

* * *

Italicized page numbers show the locations of illustrations and maps.

Abolition of slavery

Absolutism: in central Europe in eastern Europe enlightened limits of in Ottoman Empire philosophes on in Russia in Sweden in western Europe See also Enlightened absolutism

Act of Supremacy (England)

Act of Uniformity (England)

Adams, John

Addison, Joseph

Address to the Nobility of the German Nation (Luther)

Adimari, Fiammetta

Administration. See Government

Adoration of the Magi(Dürer)

Affonso of Congo (Bakongo)

Africa: Portugal and slaves and slave trade and See also specific locations

Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants (Luther)

Age of Louis XIV, The (Voltaire)

Agincourt, Battle of

Agricultural revolution

Agriculture: Columbian Exchange and in 18th century in Middle Ages in 16th century See also