What the Nose Knows - Avery Gilbert [118]
persistent hallucinations C. Lochner, D. J. Stein, “Olfactory reference syndrome: Diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis,” Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 49 (2003):328–31.
A German psychologist N. Klutky, “Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Gedächtnisleistung für Gerüche, Tonfolgen und Farben [Sex differences in memory performance for odors, tone sequences and colors],” Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie 37 (1990):437–46.
“At least five time per week” Dave Barry, “The Nose Knows,” Miami Herald, May 5, 1998.
brain structures A. Garcia-Falgueras, C. Junque, et al., “Sex differences in the human olfactory system,” Brain Research 1116 (2006):103–11.
some male-female differences J. K. Olofsson and S. Nordin, “Gender differences in chemosensory perception and event-related potentials,” Chemical Senses 29 (2004):629–37.
higher verbal fluency M. Larsson, M. Lovden, and L. G. Nilsson, “Sex differences in recollective experience for olfactory and verbal information,” Acta Psychologica 112 (2003):89–103.
dramatic olfactory sex differences P. Dalton, N. Doolittle, and P. A. Breslin, “Gender-specific induction of enhanced sensitivity to odors,” Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002):199–200.
most remarkably Interview with Paul Breslin, July 31, 2007.
within days of birth H. J. Schmidt and G. K. Beauchamp, “Human olfaction in infancy and early childhood,” in Serby and Chobor, 1992, pp. 378–95.
Tiger’s view Lionel Tiger, The Pursuit of Pleasure (New York: Little, Brown, 1992), p. 64.
rate of decline varies C. J. Wysocki and A. N. Gilbert, National Geographic Smell Survey, “Effects of age are heterogenous,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 561 (1989):12–28.
a simple yes/no format J. Corwin, “Assessing olfaction: Cognitive and measurement issues,” in Serby and Chobor, 1992, pp. 335–54.
including several recent ones A. Knaapila, K. Keskitalo, et al., “Genetic component of identification, intensity and pleasantness of odours: A Finnish family study,” European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (2007):596–602.
“smoking did not reduce” A. Mackay-Sim, A. N. Johnston, et al., “Olfactory ability in the healthy population: reassessing presbyosmia,” Chemical Senses 31 (2006):763–71.
Smell Survey reported mixed results A. N. Gilbert and C. J. Wysocki, “The Smell Survey Results,” National Geographic 172 (1987):514–25.
“The lack of a statistically significant” A. Bramerson, L. Johansson, et al., “Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: The Skovde population-based study,” Laryngoscope 114 (2004):733–37.
“I have not” Helen Keller, The World I Live In (New York: The Century Co., 1908).
six studies have compared C. Murphy and W. S. Cain, “Odor identification: The blind are better,” Physiology & Behavior 37 (1986):177–80; R. S. Smith, R. L. Doty, et al., “Smell and taste function in the visually impaired,” Perception & Psychophysics 54 (1993):649–55; R. Rosenbluth, E. S. Grossman, and M. Kaitz, “Performance of early-blind and sighted children on olfactory tasks,” Perception 29 (2000):101–10; C. E. Wakefield, J. Homewood, and A. J. Taylor, “Cognitive compensations for blindness in children: An investigation using odour naming,” Perception 33 (2004):429–42; H. Diekmann, M. Walger, and H. von Wedel, “Die Riechleistungen von Gehorlosen und Blinden [Sense of smell in deaf and blind patients],” HNO 42(1994):264–69; O. Schwenn, I. Hundorf, et al., “Können Blinde besser riechen als Normalsichtige? [Do blind persons have a better sense of smell than normal sighted people?],” Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 219 (2002):649–54.
in three of the six studies Blind are better: Murphy & Cain 1986; Wakefield et al., 2004; Rosenbluth et al., 2000; blind no better: Diekmann et al., 1994; Schwenn et al., 2002; Smith et al., 1993.
the master’s view A.