What the Nose Knows - Avery Gilbert [121]
forensic sniff tests R. L. Doty, T. Wudarski, et al., “Marijuana odor perception: Studies modeled from probable cause cases,” Law and Human Behavior 28 (2004):223–33.
detecting drunk drivers H. Moskowitz, M. Burns, and S. Ferguson, “Police officers’ detection of breath odors from alcohol ingestion,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 31 (1999):175–80.
no corroborating evidence is needed E. Hendrie, “The motor vehicle exception,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 74, no. 8 (August 2005).
cited by the defense United States of America v. Burton Dean Viers, CA No. 06-30266, Appellant’s Opening Brief.
Chapter 4. The Art of the Sniff
Early experiments were ingenious Edwin G. Boring, Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1942), p. 440.
A second, more grotesque experiment E. Paulsen, “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Strömung der Luft der Nasenhöhle,” Sitzungber. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. 85 (1882):328.
sophisticated computer models K. Zhao, P. Dalton, et al., “Numerical modeling of turbulent and laminar airflow and odorant transport during sniffing in the human and rat nose,” Chemical Senses 31 (2006):107–18.
a highly regarded neurological surgeon J. S. Oppenheim, “Neurosurgery at the Mount Sinai Hospital,” Journal of Neurosurgery 80 (1994):935–38.
came up with a method C. A. Elsberg and I. Levy, “The sense of smell (I): A new and simple method of quantitative olfactometry,” Bulletin of the Neurological Institute of New York 4 (1935):5–19; Elsberg, Levy, and E. D. Brewer, “A new method for testing the sense of smell and for the establishment of olfactory values for odorous substance,” Science 83 (1936):211–12.
Zwaardemaker’s device H. Zwaardemaker, “Präzisionsolfaktometrie.” Arch. für Layng. und Rhinol. 15 (1904):171–77.
Elsberg’s results Time, November 25, 1935, p. 40; New York Times, November 13, 1935.
psychology professor at UCLA F. Nowell Jones, “A test of the validity of the Elsberg method of olfactometry,” American Journal of Psychology 66 (1953):81–85; “The reliability of olfactory thresholds obtained by sniffing,” American Journal of Psychology 68 (1955):289–90; “A comparison of the methods of olfactory stimulation: Blasting vs. sniffing,” ibid., 486–88. He pulls his punches somewhat in the later paper, but the deed was done.
“we might be better off today” B. M. Wenzel, “Problems of odor research from the viewpoint of a psychologist,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 58 (1954):58–61.
beginning in 1982 D. G. Laing, “Characterisation of human behaviour during odour perception,” Perception 11 (1982):221–30.
“a single natural sniff” D. G. Laing, “Natural sniffing gives optimum odour perception for humans,” Perception 12 (1983):99–117; “Identification of single dissimilar odors is achieved by humans with a single sniff,” Physiology & Behavior 37 (1986):163–70; “Optimum perception of odor intensity by humans,” Physiology & Behavior 34 (1985):569–74.
The dictionary’s dichotomy Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, 1989.
Berkeley smell researcher Noam Sobel N. Sobel, V. Prabhakaran, et al., “Odorant-induced and sniff-induced activation in the cerebellum of the human,” Journal of Neuroscience 18 (1998):8990–9001; B. N. Johnson, J. D. Mainland, and N. Sobel, “Rapid olfactory processing implicates subcortical control of an olfactomotor system,” Journal of Neurophysiology 90 (2003):1084–94; N. Sobel, V. Prabhakaran, et al., “Sniffing and smelling: Separate subsystems in the human olfactory cortex,” Nature 392 (1998): 282–86.
imagined odors M. Bensafi, J. Porter, et al., “Olfactomotor activity during imagery mimics that during perception,” Nature Neuroscience 6 (2003): 1142–44.
“the sniff is part of the percept” J. Mainland and N. Sobel, “The sniff is part of the olfactory percept,” Chemical Senses 31 (2006):181–96.
A new smell test R. A. Frank, M. F. Dulay, et al., “A comparison of the sniff magnitude test and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in children and nonnative English speakers,” Physiology