What You Can Change _. And What You Can't - Martin E. Seligman [147]
14. S. Feshbach, “The Catharsis Hypothesis and Some Consequences of Interaction with Aggression and Neutral Play Objects,” Journal of Personality 24 (1956): 449–62; L. Berkowitz, “Experimental Investigations of Hostility Catharsis,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 35 (1970): 1–7. Carol Tavris’s discussion of the catharsis view in her excellent book Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion (New York: Touchstone, 1989) is particularly lucid.
15. Raymond Novaco, Anger Control (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1975), 52–67. This is a good book for the professional, detailing one small-scale outcome study and a variety of cognitive-behavioral techniques for controlling anger.
16. This example is from L. Powell and C. Thoreson, “Modifying the Type A Pattern: A Small Group Treatment Approach,” in J. A. Blumenthal and D. C. McKee, eds., Applications in Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology: A Clinician’s Source Book (Sarasota, Fla.: Professional Resource Exchange, 1987), 171–207.
17. Novaco, Anger Control, 8–12. See also A. Goldstein and H. Keller, Aggressive Behavior: Assessment and Intervention (New York: Pergamon, 1987), 139–44.
Several investigators are presently developing new strategies for anger control. These are summarized in D. Golcman, “Strategies for Lifting Spirits Are Emerging from Studies,” New York Times, 30 December 1992, C6.
18. Sharon Bower, Assert Yourself (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1975).
CHAPTER 10 Post-traumatic Stress
1. The case of Hector and Jodi is adapted and modified to protect the privacy of the family. The case comes from the files of Dr. Camille Wortman, the leading researcher on the long-term consequences of bereavement.
2. E. Lindemann, “The Symptomatology and Management of Acute Grief,” American Journal of Psychiatry 101 (1944): 141–48.
3. D. Lehman, C. Wortman, and A. Williams, “Long-term Effects of Losing a Spouse or Child in a Motor Vehicle Crash,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987): 218–31.
4. J. Kluznik, N. Speed, C. Van Valkenberg, and R. Magraw, “Forty-Year Follow-up of United States Prisoners of War,” American Journal of Psychiatry 143 (1986): 1443–45.
5. Reliable statistics for unreported rape are hard to get, and increasingly they are becoming ideologically obfuscated. L. Gise and P. Paddison, “Rape, Sexual Abuse, and Its Victims,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 11 (1988): 629–48, make the one-in-three lifetime guess.
The official diagnostic criteria for PTSD are now softening, particularly in response to the “Rape Trauma Syndrome.” No longer will the criteria include such language as “beyond the ordinary range of human loss.” DSM-4’s description of a qualifying event will probably be “actual or threatened death or injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or others.” See DSM-4 Options Book (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1991), H-17.
6. This case is adapted from S. Bowie, D. Silverman, S. Kalick, and S. Edbril, “Blitz Rape and Confidence Rape: Implications for Clinical Intervention,” American Journal of Psychotherapy 44 (1990): 180–88. They distinguish between a blitz rape, which involves an unknown assailant attacking out of the blue, and a confidence rape, which involves someone you know. Their data is based on one thousand rape victims. Unfortunately, they do not tell us if the prognoses for PTSD and recovery differ with the two kinds of rapes.
7. B. Rothbaum, E. Foa, D. Riggs, T. Murdock, and W. Walsh, “A Prospective Examination of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Victims,” Journal of Traumatic Stress