What You Can Change _. And What You Can't - Martin E. Seligman [148]
8. The classic modern paper about reaction to rape, its typology, and its duration is A. Burgess and L. Holmstrom, “Adaptive Strategies and Recovery from Rape,” American Journal of Psychiatry 136 (1979): 1278–82. B. Rothbaum et al., “A Prospective Examination of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Victims,” present the most complete picture of the sequelae in the first three months following rape. S. Girelli, P. Resick, S. Marhoefer-Dvorak, and C. Hutter, “Subjective Distress and Violence During Rape: The Effects on Long-term Fear,” Violence and Victims 1 (1986): 35–46, report prognosis to be a function of distress, not violence. D. Kilpatrick, B. Saunders, A. Amick-McMullan, et al., “Victim and Crime Factors Associated with the Development of Crime-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Behavior Therapy 20 (1989): 199–214, in contrast, report that life threat and violence best predict chronic PTSD.
D. Kilpatrick, B. Saunders, L. Veronen, C. Best, and J. Von, “Criminal Victimization: Lifetime Prevalence, Reporting to Police, and Psychological Impact,” Crime and Delinquency 33 (1987): 479–89, report the seventeen-year follow-up.
9. A. Feinstein and R. Dolan, “Predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Physical Trauma: An Examination of the Stressor Criterion,” Psychological Medicine 21 (1991): 85–91.
10. L. Weisaeth, “A Study of Behavioural Responses to Industrial Disaster,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 80 (1989): 13–24; A. McFarlane, “The Aetiology of Post-Traumatic Morbidity: Predisposing, Precipitating, and Perpetuating Factors,” British Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1989): 1221–28; Z. Solomon, M. Kotler, and M. Mikulincer, “Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Second-Generation Holocaust Survivors: Preliminary Findings,” American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 865–68; Z. Solomon, B. Oppenheimer, Y. Elizur, M. Waysman, “Exposure to Recurrent Combat Stress: Can Successful Coping in a Second War Heal Combat-Related PTSD from the Past?” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 4 (1990): 141–45; U. Malt and L. Weisaeth, “Disaster Psychiatry and Traumatic Stress Studies in Norway,” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 80 (1989): 7–12.
11. T. Yager, R. Laufer, and M. Gallops, “Some Problems Associated with War Experience in Men of the Vietnam Generation,” Archives of General Psychiatry 41 (1984): 327–33, present grim statistics on the aftermath of the Vietnam War for veterans. These authors are not the skeptics.
12. K. Erikson, Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976), movingly narrates the destruction of an Appalachian community and the plight of the dispossessed survivors. What Erikson fails to make clear, however, is that the survivors who so wrenchingly told him their awful stories were in the middle of suing the Pittston Company for the ruin of their lives and the dissolution of their community.
13. J. Frank, T. Kosten, E. Giller, and E. Dan, “A Randomized Clinical Trial of Phenelzine and Imipramine for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 1289–91; J. Davidson, H. Kudler, R. Smith, et al., “Treatment of PTSD with Amitriptyline and Placebo,” Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (1990): 250–60. For a review of twenty drug studies for PTSD, see M. Friedman, “Toward Rational Pharmacotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Interim Report,” American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1988): 281–85.
14. James Pennebaker, Opening Up (New York: Morrow, 1990), 37–51, 94–97.1 recommend this book to all students of PTSD.
15. E. Foa, B. Rothbaum, D. Riggs, and T. Murdock, “Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Victims,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59 (1991): 715–23.
16. Foa et al., “Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Victims.” Other studies that suggest some relief produced by cognitive and behavioral treatment of PTSD are E. Frank, B. Anderson, B. Stewart, C. Dacu, et al., “Efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Systematic Desensitization