Which Comes First, Cardio or Weights_ - Alex Hutchinson [2]
Chapter 1
Getting Started
IN 1960, PRESIDENT-ELECT JOHN F. KENNEDY wrote an article for Sports Illustrated called “The Soft American,” lamenting the declining role of physical activity in everyday life. “Today human activity, the labor of the human body, is rapidly being engineered out of working life,” he wrote. “By the 1970s, according to many economists, the man who works with his hands will be almost extinct.” That prediction didn’t quite pan out—but it’s certainly true that, for most of us, physical activity is now a choice rather than the necessity it was for our ancestors.
Kennedy was concerned that Americans wouldn’t have the “vigor and determination” necessary to match the Soviet Union; today, we’ve realized that physical fitness is essential to the health of our bodies and minds. But the basic challenge remains the same: if you’ve just begun working out recently, or you’re about to head to the gym for the first time, you need to know what to expect. How hard to push, how long it will take to see results, how to make the most of your workout time, how to minimize the risks associated with starting an exercise program—these are the issues you should consider before getting started.
How long does it take to get in shape?
First, the good news. Your body actually starts getting stronger and healthier just hours after you start working out. But if you’re wondering how long it will take to rock a six-pack—well, you’ll have to be a bit more patient. A few years ago, exercise scientist Megan Anderson and her colleagues at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse put 25 sedentary volunteers through an intense six-week exercise program modeled on the bold claims made by companies such as Bowflex and Body-for-Life. Despite sticking to the program religiously, zero percent of the subjects developed instant washboard abs. In fact, a panel of six judges could detect no differences whatsoever in their physical attractiveness before and after the program.
That doesn’t mean nothing was happening. After just a few strength training sessions, your brain learns to recruit more muscle fibers and make them contract all at once to produce a greater force. This “neural activation” kicks in after only a few workouts, allowing you to get stronger almost immediately, well before your muscles get noticeably bigger. Further strength gains come as the individual muscle fibers within your muscles get bigger, which starts in as little as two weeks if you’re training intensely. But it takes longer for these changes to be noticeable: even with sophisticated lab equipment, researchers can’t usually detect changes in fat and muscle composition until after about nine weeks of training. Similarly, a University of Tokyo study published in 2010 saw the biggest increases in strength after two months and the biggest boost in muscle size after three months. To achieve these rapid gains, the subjects were doing four very hard workouts a week. For the average person at the gym, it will take six months or more to see significant sculpting of the body—even though strength has been increasing from day one.
Weight loss is more difficult to predict, because it depends on your starting point, your health history, your genetics, and your diet as well as your workout routine. But like strength training, aerobic exercise produces major health and performance benefits long before you see them in the mirror. Aerobic exercise increases the number of mitochondria, which are essentially the “cellular power plants” in your muscles that use oxygen to produce energy: the more mitochondria you have, the farther and faster you can run, and the more fat your muscles will burn. Studies have found that about six weeks of training will boost mitochondria levels by 50 to 100 percent.
Health benefits, on the other