Whirlwind - Barrett Tillman [143]
212 “the toughest dogfighter”: Henry Sakaida, Winged Samurai: Saburo Sakai and the Zero Fighter Pilots (Mesa, AZ: Champlin Museum Press, 1985), 123–24.
213 “almost exactly on the centerline”: http://www.combinedfleet.com/amagi.htm.
217 “completely flooded”: U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, The Campaigns of the Pacific War (Washington, D.C.: Military Analysis Division, 1946), 340.
217 “Don’t you suppose”: Rear Admiral John S. Christiansen (Ret), Tailhook reunion, Reno, NV, 2006.
217 “If the other reasons”: William F. Halsey and J. Bryan III, Admiral Halsey’s Story (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1947), 264–66.
219 “Halsey is going wild”: Diary of Lieutenant Richard W. DeMott, VBF-85, July 14, 1945.
219 “If we ever find”: Jack DeTour, e-mail to author, March 2008.
220 “he wanted to get”: Henry Wolff, Jr., “Col. Hawes Was a Hero in Every Sense,” Victoria Advocate (Texas), November 10, 1996.
220 “The weather was lousy”: Colonel Jack DeTour, USAF (Ret), the Veterans History Project, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/bib/10207.
220 “It must have caught”: Lieutenant Colonel Charles M. Crawford, USAF (Ret), e-mail to author, March 2008.
220 Ed Hawes: Navigator John Long also left a wife and two children. In 1946 American investigators traced the remains of Hawes’s crew. Five bodies had washed ashore and were buried by the Japanese, later being returned to the States. Hawes’s body was never recovered. Details courtesy of Long’s nephew, Andrew H. Farmer, Finding the Way: The Story of a Combat Navigator in World War II (Lynchburg, VA: Warwick House, 2006).
221 Gray was likely the last Canadian: Stuart E. Soward, “A Brilliant Flying Spirit,” CFB Esquimalt Naval and Military Museum, http://www.navalandmilitarymuseum.org/resource_pages/heroes/gray.html. Lieutenant Commander Eugene Esmonde posthumously received the VC for a torpedo attack against German cruisers in the English Channel in 1942.
CHAPTER EIGHT: “A MOST CRUEL BOMB”
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224 “recent work by”: http://hypertextbook.com/eworld/einstein.shtml.
226 “death or worse”: Author’s father, J. H. Tillman, a wartime cadet at Naval Air Station Pasco.
227 “was thick with experts”: Jennet Conant, 109 East Palace (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 231.
228 “The entire population”: Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol. 5: The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 696–97.
228 “a matter of generations”: Alvin Coox, Japan: The Final Agony (New York: Ballantine, 1970), 10–11, 17.
229 The Manhattan Project: Program costs in 1945 dollars: B-29: $2.53 billion; Manhattan: $1.88 billion. Stephen I. Schwarz, Atomic Audit, Brookings Institution, 1998. Brookings Institution data cited at http://virtualology.com/MANHATTANPROJECT.COM/costs.manhattanproject.net.
229 “His manner was reserved”: Charles W. Sweeney with James A. Antonucci and Marion K. Antonucci, War’s End: An Eyewitness Account of America’s Last Atomic Mission (New York: Avon, 1997), 40.
230 Into the air: Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts, Enola Gay (New York: Pocket, 1977), 195.
231 “The 509 Composite Group”: Truman to Stimson to Marshall, in Craven and Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol. 5: The Pacific, 713–14.
231 “of unimaginable destructive force”: Sweeney, War’s End, 153.
232 “Colonel, are we”: Thomas and Morgan Witts, Enola Gay, 197; “En Route on Enola Gay,” http://www.2020hindsight.org/2005/08/05/1945-en-route-on-enola-gay/.
233 “My god”: Thomas and Morgan Witts, Enola Gay, 317.
233 The actual toll: From Hiroshima’s estimated military and civilian population of 255,000 to 320,000, some 66,000 to 80,000 were killed and 69,000 to 80,000 wounded as variously determined by Manhattan Engineering District (MED), 1946; U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Washington, DC: Military Analysis Division, 1946), 16. And Vincent C. Jones, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb (Washington, DC: Army Center of Military History, 1985), 547.