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Cambridge University Press, 2008). See also Omer Bartov, Germany’s War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003); Paula Bradish, Crimes of the German Wehrmacht: Dimensions of a War of Annihilation, 1941–1944, exhibition brochure (Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Institute for Social Research, 2004); Norbert Frei, Adenauer’s Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Intergration, trans. Joel Golb (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann, eds., War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II, 1941–1944 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2000); John J. Mearsheimer, Liddell Hart and the Weight of History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), 178–201; Alaric Searle, Wehrmacht Generals, West German Society, and the Debate on Rearmament, 1949–1959 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003); Wolfram Wette, The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality, trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), chap. 5.

7. Christopher Simpson, Blowback: America’s Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York: Collier Books, 1989), 158.

8. On the myth about why the Palestinians fled their homes, see Erskine Childers, “The Other Exodus,” Spectator, May 12, 1961; Simha Flapan, The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities (New York: Pantheon Books, 1987), 81–118; Walid Khalidi, “Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited,” Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no. 2 (Winter 2005): 42–54; Walid Khalidi, “The Fall of Haifa,” Middle East Forum 35, no. 10 (December 1959): 22–32; Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (Oxford: Oneworld, 2006), 131. For analysis of other myths, see Flapan, Birth of Israel; Norman G. Finkelstein, Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict (London: Verso, 1995); John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), chap. 3; Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999 (New York: Knopf, 1999); Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs under the British Mandate, trans. Haim Watzman (New York: Holt, 2001); Avi Shlaim, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (New York: Norton, 2000); Zeev Sternhell, The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State, trans. David Maisel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).

9. Van Evera, “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War,” 29.

Chapter 7

1. Alexander B. Downes, Targeting Civilians in War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), 3.

2. Robert A. Pape, Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), chap. 4.

3. Quoted in Tim Weiner, “Robert S. McNamara, Architect of Futile War, Dies at 93,” New York Times, July 6, 2009.

4. UNICEF, “Iraq Surveys Show ‘Humanitarian Emergency,’” Information Newsline, August 12, 1999, http://www.unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm; Biswajit Sen, Iraq Watching Briefs: Overview Report, UNICEF, July 2003, http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Iraq_2003_Watching_Briefs.pdf. Some argue that 500,000 deaths is too high a number. See, for examples, David Cortright, “A Hard Look at Iraq Sanctions,” Nation, December 3, 2001; Matt Welch, “The Politics of Dead Children,” Reason, March 2002, http://reason.com/archives/2002/03/01/the-politics-of-dead-children. Whatever the exact number, David Rieff is almost certainly right when he writes, “American officials may quarrel with the numbers, but there is little doubt that at least several hundred thousand children who could reasonably have been expected to live died before their fifth birthdays” (“Were Sanctions Right?” New York Times Magazine, July 27, 2003).

5. Benjamin A. Valentino, Final Solutions: Mass Killings and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004), 73–75, 91–117. In his discussion of Hitler’s murderous role in