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Boswell, J. 1927. Life of Samuel Johnson. Vol 1. London and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 371–372.

Buttemer, W. A., L. B. Astheimer, W. W. Weathers, and A. H. Hay-worth. 1987. Energy savings attending winter-nest use by Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps). Auk 104:531–535. Calder, W. A., and J. Booser. 1973. Hypothermia of broad-tailed hummingbirds during incubation in nature with ecological correlations. Science 180:751–753.

Calder, W. A., and J. R. King. 1974. Thermal and caloric relations of birds. In Avian Biology, edited by D. S. Farner and J. R. King. Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 259–413.

Carpenter, F. L. 1974. Torpor in an Andean hummingbird: its ecological significance. Science 183:545–547.

Carpenter, F. L., and M. A. Hixon. 1988. A new function for torpor: Fat conservation in a wild migrant hummingbird. Condor 90:373–378.

Chaplin, S. B. 1974. Daily energetics of the Black-capped chickadee, Parus atricapillus, in winter. J. Comp. Physiol. 89:321–330.

———. 1976. The physiology of hypothermia in the Black-capped chickadee, Parus atricapillus. J. Comp. Physiol. B 112:335–344.

———. 1982. The energetic significance of huddling behavior in Common Bushtits (Psaltriparus minimus). Auk 99:424–430.

Dawson, W. R., and J. W. Hudson. 1970. Birds. In Comparative Physiology of Thermoregulation, edited by G. C. Whittow. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 223–310.

Dawson, W. R., R. L. Marsh, and M. E. Yacoe. 1993. Metabolic adjustments of small passerine birds for migration and cold. Am. J. Physiol. 245:R755–R767.

Ghalambor, C. K., and T. E. Martin. 1999. Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). In The Birds of North America, edited by A. Poole and F. Gill. No. 459. Philadelphia: The Birds of North America, Inc.

Gibb, J. 1954. Feeding ecology of tits, with notes on treecreepers and Goldcrests. Ibis 96:513–544.

Gilman, M. F. 1902. Notes on the Verdin. Condor 4:88–89.

Graber, J. W., and R. R. Graber. 1979. Severe weather and bird populations in southern Illinois. Wilson Bull. 91:88–103. Guntert, M., D. Hay, and R. P. Balda. 1988. Communal roosting in the Pygmy Nuthatch: A winter survival strategy. Proc. Intern. Ornthol. Congr. 19:1964–1972.

Hainsworth, F. R., and L. L. Wolf. 1970. Regulation of oxygen consumption and body temperature during torpor in a hummingbird, Eulampis jugalaris. Science 168:368–369.

Hainsworth, F. R., B. G. Collins, and L. L. Wolf. 1977. The function of torpor in hummingbirds. Physiol. Zoll. 50:215–222.

Heinrich, B. 1975. Thermoregulation in bumblebees II. Energetics of warm-up and free flight. J. Comp. Physiol. 96:155–166.

———. The physiology of exercise of the bumblebee. American Scientist 65:455–465.

Heinrich, B., and G. A. Bartholomew. 1971. An analysis of preflight warm-up in the sphinx moth, Manduca sexta. J. Exp. Biol. 55:223–239.

Heinrich, B., and T. M. Casey. 1973. Metabolic rate and endothermy in sphinx moths. J. Comp. Physiol. 82:195–206.

Heinrich, B., and T. P. Mommsen. 1985. Flight of winter moths near 0°C. Science 228:177–179.

Heinrich, B., and R. Bell. 1995. Winter food of a small insectivorous bird, the Golden-crowned kinglet. Wilson Bull. 107:558–561.

Hill, R. W., D. L. Beaver, and J. H. Veghte. 1980. Body surface temperatures and thermoregulation in the Black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus). Physiol. Zool. 53:305–321.

Howell, T.R., and G. A. Bartholomew. 1959. Further experiments on torpidity in the Poor-will. Condor 61:180–186.

Ingold, J. L., and R. Galati. 1997. Golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa). In The Birds of North America, edited by A. Poole and F. Gill. No. 301. Philadelphia: The Birds of North America, Inc.

Jaeger, E. C. 1948. Does the Poor-will “hibernate”? Condor 50:45–46.

Jaeger, E. C. 1949. Further observations on the hibernation of the Poor-will. Condor 51:105–109.

Kessel, B. 1976. Winter activity patterns of Black-capped Chickadees in interior Alaska. Wilson Bull. 88:36–61.

Lasiewski, R. C., and W. R. Dawson. 1964. Physiological responses