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Ligon, J. D. 1970. Still more responses of the Poor-will to low temperature. Condor 72:496–498.

Lyman, C. P., J. S. Willis, A. Malan, and L. C. H. Wang. 1982. Hibernation and Torpor in Mammals and Birds. New York and London: Academic Press.

Marsh, R. L., and W. R. Dawson. 1982. Substrate metabolism in seasonally acclimated American Goldfinches. Amer. J. Physiol. 242:R563–R569.

Marshall, T. T., Jr. 1955. Hibernation in captive goatsuckers. Condor 57:129–134.

McAtee, W. L. 1947. Torpidity in birds. Amer. Midl. Natur. 38:191–206.

Nakamura, H., and Y. Wako. 1988. Food storing behavior of Willow tit, Parus montanus. J. Yamashina Inst. Ornith. 20:721–736.

Peipunen, V. A. 1966. The diurnal heterothermia and torpidity in the Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus). Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae. Ser. A. 101:1–35.

Perrins, C. M. 1976. British Tits. Glasgow: Collins & Co.

Pitts, T. D. 1976. Fall and winter roosting habits of Carolina chickadees. Wilson Bull. 88:603–610.

Reinertsen, R. E., and S. Haftorn. 1986. Different metabolic strategies of northern birds for nocturnal survival. J. Comp. Physiol. B 156:655–663.

Reinertsen, R.E., S. Haftorn, and R. Thaler. 1988. Is hypothermia necessary for winter survival of the

Goldcrest, Regulus regulus? J. Ornithol. 129:433–437.

Rising, J. D., and J. W. Hudson. 1974. Seasonal variation in the metabolism and thyroid activity of the

Black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus). Condor 76:198–203.

Smith, Susan M. 1991. The Black-capped Chickadee: Behavioral Ecology and Natural History. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.

Steen, J. 1958. Climatic adaptation in some northern birds. Ecology. 39:625–629.

Vogt, F.D., and B. Heinrich. 1983. Thoracic temperature variations in the onset of flight in dragonflies

(Odonata: Anisoptera). Physiol. Zool. 56:236–241.

Walsberg, G. E. 1990. Communal roosting in a very small bird: Consequences for the thermal and

respiratory gas environments. Condor 92:795–798.

Webster, M. C. 1999. Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps). In The Birds of North America, edited by A. ALPoole and F. Gill. No. 470, Philadelphia: The Birds of North America, Inc.

Withers, P. C. 1977. Respiration, metabolism, and heat exchange of euthermic and torpid poorwills and hummingbirds. Physiol. Zool. 50:43–52.

Wolf, L. L., and F. R. Hainsworth. 1972. Environmental influence on regulated body temperature in torpid hummingbirds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 41A:167–173.

Zonov, G. B. 1967. On the winter roosting of Paridae in Cicbaikal. Ornitologiya 8:351–354. (In Russian; quoted in S. M. Smith.)

11 TORPID TURTLES UNDER ICE

Belkin, D. A. 1968. Aquatic respiration and underwater survival of two freshwater turtle species. Respir. Physiol. 4:1–14.

Brown, G. P., and R. J. Brooks. 1994. Characteristics and fidelity to hibernarcula in a northern population of snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina. Copeia 1994: 222–226.

Crocker, C. E., T. E. Graham, G. R. Ultsch, and D. C. Jackson. 2000. Physiology of common map turtles (Graptemys geographica) hibernating in the Lamoille River, Vermont. J. Exp. Zool. 286:143–148.

Gatten, R. E. 1981. Anaerobic metabolism in freely diving painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). J. Exp. Biol. 212:377–385.

Graham, T. E., and A. A. Graham. 1992. Metabolism and behavior of wintering common map turtles, Graptemys geographica, in Vermont. Canadian Field Naturalist 106: 517–519.

Graham, T. E., C. B. Graham, C. E. Crocker, and G. R. Ultsch, 2000. Dispersal from and fidelity to a hibernaculum in a northern Vermont population of common map turtles, Graptemys geographica. Canadian Field Naturalist 114: 405–408.

Herbert, C. V., and D. C. Jackson. 1985. Temperature effects on the responses to prolonged submergence in the turtle Chrysemys picta bellii. I. Blood acid-base and ionic changes during and following anoxic submergences. Physiol. Zool. 58:655–669.

Jackson, D. C. 1968. Metabolic depression and oxygen depletion in the diving turtle. J. Appl. Physiol. 24:503