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Jackson, D. C., and G. R. Ultsch. 1982. Long-term submergence at 3°C of the turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii, in normoxic and severely hypoxic water. II. Extracellular ionic responses to extreme lactic acidosis. J. Exp. Biol. 96:29–43.

Pluto, T. G., and E. D. Bellis. 1988. Seasonal and annual movements of riverine map turtles, Graptemys geographica. J. Herpet. 22:152–158.

Ultsch, G. R. 1985. The viability of nearctic freshwater turtles submerged in anoxia and normoxia at 3 and 10°C. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81A(3):607–611.

———. 1988. Blood gases, hematocrit, plasma ion concentrations, and acid-base status of musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) during simulated hibernation. Physiol. Zool. 61(1):78–94.

Ultsch, G. R., and D. C. Jackson. 1982. Long-term submergence at 3°C of the turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii, in normoxic and severely hypoxic water. I. Survival, gas exchange and acid-base status. J. Exp. Biol. 96: 11–18.

Ultsch, G.R., and D. Lee. 1983. Radiometric observations of wintering snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in Rhode Island. J. Alabama Acad. Sci. 54(4):200–206.

Ultsch, G. R., C. V. Herbert, and D. C. Jackson. 1984. The comparative physiology of diving in North American freshwater turtles. I. Submergence tolerance, gas exchange, and acid-base balance. Physiol. Zool. 57:620–631.

Ultsch, G. R., R. W. Hanley, and T. R. Bauman. 1985. Responses to anoxia during simulated hibernation in northern and southern painted turtles. Ecology 66:388–395.

Ultsch, G. R., M. E. Carwile, C. E. Crocker, and D. C. Jackson. 1999. The physiology of hibernation among painted turtles: The Eastern painted turtle Chrysemys picta picta. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 72(4):493–501.

12 ICED-IN WATER RODENTS

Bazin, R. C., and R. A. MacArthur. 1992. Thermal benefits of huddling in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). J. Mammal. 73(3):559–564.

Bovet, J., and E. F. Oertli. 1974. Free-running circadian activity rhythms in free-living beaver (Castor canadensis). J. Comp. Physiol. 92:1–10.

Calder, W. A. 1969. Temperature relations and underwater endurance of the smallest homeothermic diver, the water shrew. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 30:1075–1082.

Heinrich, B. 1984. Strategies of thermoregulation and foraging in two wasps, Dolichovespula maculate and Vespula vulgaris. J. Comp. Physiol. B154:175–180.

MacArthur, R. A. 1979. Seasonal patterns of body temperature and activity in free-ranging muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Can. J. Zool. 57:25–33.

———. 1984a. Microenvironment gas concentrations and tolerance to hypercapnia in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus). Physiol. Zool. 57(1):85–98.

———. 1984b. Aquatic thermoregulation in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus): Energy demands of swimming and diving. Can. J. Zool. 62:241–248.

———. 1992a. Foraging range and aerobic endurance of muskrats diving under the ice. J. Mammal. 73(3):565–569.

———. 1992b. Gas bubble release by muskrats diving under ice: Lost gas or a potential oxygen pool? J. Zool. Lond. 226:151–164.

MacArthur, R. A., M. M. Humphries, and D. Jeske. 1997. Huddling behavior and the foraging efficiency of muskrats. J. Mammal. 78(3):850–858.

Smith, D. W., R. O. Peterson, T. D. Drummer, and D. S. Sheputis. 1991. Over-wintering activity and body temperature patterns in northern beavers. Can. J. Zool. 69:2178–2182.

Smith, D. W., T. D. Drummer, and R. Peterson. 1994. Reply—studies of beaver activity and body temperature in a historical perspective. Can. J. Zool. 72:567–569.

13 FROZEN FROGS ON ICE

Bentley, P. J. 1996. Adaptations of Amphibia to arid environments. Science 152:619–623.

Burrough, J. 1951. A sharp lookout. In John Burrough’s America, edited by F. A. Wiley. Devia-Adair Co.

Schmid, W. D. 1965. Some aspects of the water economics of nine species of amphibians. Ecology 46:261–269.

———. 1982. Survival of frogs in low temperature. Science 215:697–698.

Storey, K. B., and J. M. Storey. 1984. Biochemical adaptation for freezing tolerance in the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. J. Comp. Physiol. B155:29–36.

———. 1985. Adaptations of