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———. 1986. Freeze tolerant frogs: Cryoprotectants and tissue metabolism during freeze-thaw cycles. Can. J. Zool. 64:49–56.

———. 1987. Persistence of freeze tolerance in terrestrial hibernating frogs after spring emergence. Copeia 3:720–726.

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Tester, J. R., and W. J. Breckenridge. 1964. Winter behavior patterns of the Manitoba toad, Bufo hemiophrys, in northwestern Minnesota. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae. Series A. IV. Biologica 71(31):424–431.

14 INSECTS: FROM THE DIVERSITY TO THE LIMITS

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Asahina, E. 1969. Frost resistance in insects. Advances in Insect Physiology 6:1–49.

Asahina, E., and K. Tanno. 1964. A large amount of trehalose in a frost resistant insect. Nature 204:1222.

Baust, J. G., R. Grandee, G. Condon, and R. E. Morissey. 1979. The diversity of overwintering strategies utilized by separate populations of gall insects. Physiol. Zool. 52:572–580.

Baust, J. G., and R. R. Rojas. 1985. Review—Insect cold hardiness: Facts and fancy. J. Insect Physiol. 31:755–759.

Diamond, J. M. 1989. Cryobiology: Resurrection of frozen animals. Nature

Discover. 1987. Today a frozen dog, tomorrow the iceman. Discover 8 (June): 9.

Duman, J., and K. Howarth. 1983. The role of hemolymph proteins in the cold tolerance of insects. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 45:261–270.

Heinrich, B. 1987. Thermoregulation by winter-flying endetheric moths. J. Exp. Biol. 127:313–332.

Heinrich, B., and T. P. Mommsen. 1985. Flight of winter moths near 0°C. Science 228:177–179.

Hinton, H. E. 1960. A fly larva that tolerates dehydration and temperatures of minus 270°C to +102°C. Nature 188:333–337. Holland, W. J. 1968. The Moth Book. New York: Dover Publications.

Howarth, K. L., and J. G. Duman. 1984. Yearly variations in overwintering mechanisms of the cold-hardy beetle, Denroides canadensis. Physiol. Zool. 57(1):40–45.

Kukal, O. 1988. Caterpillars on ice. Natural History (January): 36–40.

Kukal, O., B. Heinrich, and J. Duman. 1988. Behavioral thermoregulation in the freeze-tolerant Arctic caterpillar, Gynaephora groenlandica. J. Exp. Biol. 138:181–193.

Leader, J. P. 1962. Tolerance to freezing of hydrated and partially hydrated larvae of Polypedilum (Chironomidae). J. Insect Physiol. 8:155–163.

Lee, R. E., Jr. 1989. Insect cold-hardiness: To freeze or not to freeze. Bioscience 39(5):308–313.

Lee, R. E., Jr., and D. L. Denlingers, eds. 1991. Insects at Low Temperature. New York: Chapman and Hall.

Mansingh, A., and B. N. Smallman. 1972. Variation in polyhydric alcohol in relation to diapause and cold-hardiness in the larva of Isia isabella. J. Insect Physiol. 18:1565–1576.

Mazur, P. 1984. Freezing of living cells: mechanisms and implications. Amer. J. Physiol. 247:C125–C142.

Miller, L. K. 1969. Freezing tolerance in an adult insect. Science 166:105–106.

Myers, M. T. 1985. A southward return migration of Painted Lady butterflies, Vanessa cardui, over southern Alberta in the fall of 1983, and biometeorological aspects of their outbreaks into North America and Europe. Canadian Field-Naturalist 99:147–155.

Salt, R. W. 1959. Survival of frozen fat body cells in an insect. Nature 184:1426.

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Schmid, W. D. 1982. Survival of frogs in low temperature. Science 215:697–698.

Storey, K. B., and J. M. Storey. 1983. Biochemistry of freeze tolerance in terrestrial insects. Trends in Biochemical Sciences