World on Fire - Brownstein, Michael [158]
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2. My discussion of Burma relies heavily on David I. Steinberg, Burma: The State of Myanmar (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2001), and Mya Maung, The Burma Road to Capitalism: Economic Growth Versus Democracy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), especially pp. 156–207. An authoritative discussion of Chinese (along with Indian and British) economic dominance in colonial Burma can be found in Frank H. Golay, Ralph Anspach, M. Ruth Pfanner & Eliezer B. Ayal, Underdevelopment and Economic Nationalism in Southeast Asia (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1969), chapter 4.
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3. In describing the recent Chinese economic takeover of Mandalay and Rangoon, I draw freely on the eyewitness accounts of Anthony Davis, “Burma Casts Wary Eye on China,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, June 1, 1999; Anthony Davis, “China’s Shadow,” Asiaweek, May 28, 1999, p. 30; Abby Tan, “Mandalay Preparing to Shake Off Frontier Image,” Asia Today, July 1996; Steve Raymer, “British Era Fades, China Gains in Myanmar,” Los Angeles Times, April 3, 1994, p. A20; Philip Shenon, “Burmese Cry Intrusion,” New York Times, March 29, 1994, p. A4; Nirmal Ghosh, “Making Money in Mandalay,” Business Times (Singapore), July 20, 1993; and “Road to Lashio is Paved with Good Fortune for Chinese Businessmen,” Guardian (London), July 16, 1994, p. 16.
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4. “Myanmar and China: But Will the Flag Follow Trade?” The Economist, October 8, 1994, p. 35.
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5. Christopher S. Wren, “Road to Riches Starts in the Golden Triangle,” New York Times, May 11, 1998, p. A8.
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6. Ibid., p. A8. See also Tony Emerson, “Burma’s Men of Gold,” Newsweek, April 20, 1998, p. 24. The early exploits of Lo Hsing-han, Olive Yang, and other opium warlords are described in Bertil Lintner, Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), and Martin Smith, Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity (London and New Jersey: Zed Books Ltd., 1991).
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7. On Burma’s legal and illegal teak activities, see John Pomfret, “China’s Lumbering Economy Ravages Border Forests, Washington Post, March 26, 2001, p. A19. See also James Fahn, “Little the world can do to help Burma’s forests,” Nation, December 17, 1998; Raymer, “British Era Fades,” p. A20; and Rainforest Relief’s website, “Campaign to End Purchase of Teak from Burma,” November 4, 1998, http://forests.org/archive/asia/teakwee2.htm. On “May Flower” Kyaw Win, see the special report on “Burmese Tycoons” published in the Irrawaddy newsmagazine in July 2000, available at http://www.irrawaddy.org/database/2000/vol8.7/report.htm.
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8. Raymer, “British Era Fades,” p. A20.
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9. See Maung, The Burma Road to Capitalism, pp. 168–71, 204.
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10. Ibid., pp. 170, 204, and Emerson, “Burma’s Men of Gold,” p. 24.
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11. See Steinberg, Burma: The State of Myanmar, pp. xx, 139–40, 206, and U.S. Embassy, Rangoon, Country Commercial Guide: Burma (Myanmar) (U.S. & Foreign Commercial Service and the U.S. Department of State, 2000), chapter 2.
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12. See U.S. Embassy, Rangoon, Country Commercial Guide: Burma (Myanmar), chapter 2. See also Steinberg, Burma: The State of Myanmar, pp. 136, 206–10.
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13. See Maung, The Burma Road to Capitalism, pp. 156–57, and Shenon, “Burmese Cry Intrusion,” p. A4.
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14. The descriptions in this paragraph are from Davis, “China’s Shadow,” p. 30; Raymer, “British Era Fades,” p. A20; and “Myanmar and China: But Will the Flag Follow Trade?” p. 35. On anti-Chinese hatred stemming specifically from Chinese connections with SLORC, see Steinberg, Burma: The State of Myanmar, pp. 165, 227–28, and Blaine Harden, “Grim Regime: A Special Report: For Burmese, Repression, AIDS and Denial,” New York Times, November 14, 2000, p. A1.
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15. Maung, The Burma Road to Capitalism, p. 166.
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