World on Fire - Brownstein, Michael [159]
16. Shenon, “Burmese Cry Intrusion,” p. A4.
Return to text.
17. One of the best comprehensive histories of the Chinese in Southeast Asia remains Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia (2d ed.) (London: Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1965). Grand Eunuch Cheng Ho’s seven voyages to Southeast Asia are described on pp. 16–18.
Return to text.
18. See Clifford Geertz, Peddlers and Princes: Social Development and Economic Change in Two Indonesian Towns (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1963), pp. 24–27.
Return to text.
19. Lynn Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor (Boston, Toronto, and London: Little, Brown and Company, 1990), pp. 31–33.
Return to text.
20. Ibid., pp. 32–33 (citation omitted).
Return to text.
21. This discussion of Chinese economic dominance in Vietnam is reproduced in large part from pp. 92–105 of my own article, Amy L. Chua, “Markets, Democracy, and Ethnicity: Toward a New Paradigm for Law and Development,” Yale Law Journal 108 (1998): 1–105, which in turn draws heavily on Golay et al., Underdevelopment and Economic Nationalism in Southeast Asia, chapter 7; Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 1984); and Tran Khanh, The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993).
Return to text.
22. Khanh, The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam, pp. 18–19, and Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, pp. 183–84.
Return to text.
23. The statistics regarding Chinese dominance in Vietnam during the colonial era are from Golay et al., Underdevelopment and Economic Nationalism in Southeast Asia, pp. 395–96, and Khanh, The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam, pp. 20–21, 41, 47, 57. The anti-Chinese epithets are from Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, p. 190. The intensification of Chinese dominance during the Vietnam War is discussed in Khanh, The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam, p. 80. On the branding of the Chinese as bourgeois capitalists, see Henry Kamm, “Vietnam Describes Economic Setbacks,” New York Times, November 19, 1980, p. A9, and James N. Wallace, “A Ray of Hope,” U.S. News & World Report, August 6, 1979, p. 50.
Return to text.
24. See “Chinese Vietnamese Work Hard for Big Success,” Saigon Times Daily, February 1, 2001; Leo Dana, “Mastering Management: Culture is of the Essence in Asia,” Financial Times, November 27, 2000; Steve Kirby, “Saigon’s Chinatown Bounces Back from Dark Years after 1975,” Agence France-Presse, April 28, 2000; and Gail Eisenstodt, “Caged Tiger,” Forbes, March 25, 1996, p. 64.
Return to text.
25. My discussion of the Chinese in Thailand (and Southeast Asia more generally) draws on Gary G. Hamilton and Tony Waters, “Ethnicity and Capitalist Development: The Changing Role of the Chinese in Thailand,” and Linda Y. C. Lim and L. A. Peter Gosling, “Strengths and Weaknesses of Minority Status for Southeast Asian Chinese at a Time of Economic Growth and Liberalization,” both of which appear in Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds., Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1997), the former at pp. 258–84, the latter at pp. 285–317. The study of Thailand’s largest business groups was conducted by Suehiro Akira. See his book Capital Accumulation in Thailand, 1855–1985 (Japan: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies, 1989).
Return to text.
26. See Sumit Ganguly, “Ethnic Politics and Political Quiescence in Malaysia and Singapore,” pp. 233–72, in Michael Brown and Sumit Ganguly, eds., Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997); Lim and Gosling, “Strengths and Weaknesses of Minority Status for Southeast Asian Chinese at a Time of Economic Growth and Liberalization,” pp. 285–317; and “Empires without Umpires,” in Asian Business Survey, The Economist, April 7, 2001, pp. 4–5.
Return to text.
27. On Robert Kuok