World on Fire - Brownstein, Michael [162]
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12. Magnus Mörner, Race Mixture in the History of Latin America (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), pp. 22, 24.
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13. This list was compiled by Magnus Mörner in Ibid., p. 58. My discussion of pigmentocracy draws heavily on Mörner, especially Ibid., pp. 1–2, 21–27, and pp. 53–68.
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14. Ibid., p. 13.
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15. See Ibid., pp. 43, 60, 99, 140–41; Magnus Mörner, The Andean Past (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 181; and David Bushnell and Neill Macaulay, The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 5.
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16. See “The right not to be Hispanic,” The Economist, March 7, 1998, p. 88, and Enrique Krauze, “The new nativism,” World Press Review, June 1998, p. 47. See also James F. Smith, “Mexico’s Forgotten Find Cause for New Hope,” Los Angeles Times, February 23, 2001, p. A1; Ginger Thompson, “Mexican Rebel Chief Says the Fight is Now for Peace,” New York Times, January 30, 2001, p. A3; and Kevin Sullivan, “Chiapas Indians Pin Hopes on Fox,” Washington Post, December 5, 2000, p. A34.
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17. See Joel Millman, “Mexico’s Clubby Corporate World Gets Jolt from U.S. over Insider Trading,” Wall Street Journal, May 14, 2001, p. A16.
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18. Anthony DePalma, “Going Private: A Special Report,” New York Times, October 27, 1993, p. A1.
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19. See Jonathan Kandell, “Yo Quiero Todo Bell,” Wired Magazine, January 2001, available at http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.01/slim_pr.html.
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20. My discussion of Carlos Slim draws heavily on Ibid.; Andrea Mandell Campbell, “Carlos Slim, El Hombre Mas Rico de America Latina,” Financial Times, July 16, 2000; and David Luhnow, “It’s Going to be Fine,” Wall Street Journal Europe, February 8, 2001, p. 24. On Telmex’s postprivatization improvements, see Elliot Blair Smith, “Mexico Struggles with Networks,” USA Today, June 26, 2001, p. 14E.
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21. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999), pp. 68, 70–73. There is a voluminous interdisciplinary literature on the Spanish Conquest and subjugation of Latin America’s indigenous populations. In addition to Jared Diamond, my discussion draws principally on John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970); Mörner, The Andean Past, pp. 30–48; Mörner, Race Mixture in the History of Latin America, pp. 23–25; and Nash, “The Impact of Mid-Nineteenth Century Economic Change upon the Indians of Middle America,” pp. 170–83.
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22. As reported in Mörner, The Andean Past, p. 34.
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23. Ibid., pp. 35–37. For discussions of the encomienda system, see Marvin Harris, Patterns of Race in the Americas (New York: Walker and Company, 1964), pp. 18–24, and Mörner, The Andean Past, p. 38.
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24. See Nash, “The Impact of Mid-Nineteenth Century Economic Change upon the Indians of Middle America,” pp. 173–74. See also Harris, Patterns of Race in the Americas, p. 22.
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25. See Lipset, “Values and Entrepreneurship in the Americas,” p. 85.
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26. See Jeff Silverstein, “Mexico on the Brink of a New Revolution,” San Francisco Chronicle, November 27, 1991, p. A8; Sally Bowen, “Peru set to sweep away 27-year-old ‘land reform’ laws,” Financial Times, July 18, 1995, p. 29; and Linda Diebel, “Women harvest the grapes of NAFTA,” Toronto Star, May 27, 1995, p. A18.
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27. See Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), which includes on pp. 152