World on Fire - Brownstein, Michael [163]
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28. Lipset, “Values and Entrepreneurship in the Americas,” pp. 107–9. See also Magnus Mörner (with Harold Sims), Adventurers and Proletarians: The Story of Migrants in Latin America (UNESCO, Paris: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985); Raymond Vernon, The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), chapter 6; and W. Paul Strassman, “The Industrialist,” pp. 161–85, in John J. Johnson, ed., Continuity and Change in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1964).
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29. Judith Laikin Elkin, The Jews of Latin America (rev. ed.) (New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 1998), pp. 131, 136.
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30. See Ibid., pp. 80, 145–46. See also Henrique Rattner, “Economic and Social Mobility of Jews in Brazil,” pp. 187–200, in Judith Laikin Elkin and Gilbert W. Merkx, eds., The Jewish Presence in Latin America (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987). For discussions of the prominent role played by Jews in Panama’s commercial sectors, see Jon Mitchell, “The Panama Free Zone: Paradise for would-be millionaires,” April 28, 1998, available at http://www.foreignwire.com/cf2.html, and Michele Labrut, “Picking Up the Pieces in Panama,” Jerusalem Report, November 15, 1990, p. 35.
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31. On Argentina’s Jewish community see Haim Avni, Argentina and the Jews, Gila Brand, trans. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991). On the Elsztain family, see Clifford Krauss, “This Year in Argentina, Two Brothers Build an Empire,” New York Times, April 14, 1998, p. D1.
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32. See Rex A. Hudson, “Country Study & Country Guide for Uruguay,” June 4, 1992, available at http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/uruguay/uruguay11. html.
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33. On the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century waves of mass immigration from Europe to Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, see Mörner, Race Mixture in the History of Latin America, especially pp. 133–34, and Mörner and Sims, Adventurers and Proletarians, chapters 3 and 4.
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34. Pike, Chile and the United States, 1880–1962, pp. 289–93.
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35. See Anthony W. Marx, “Contested Citizenship: The Dynamics of Racial Identity and Social Movements,” pp. 177–82, in Charles Tilly, ed., International Review of Social History: Citizenship, Identity, and Social History (Supplement 3) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), and Charles H. Wood and Jose A. M. Carvalho, The Demography of Inequality in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), chapter 6. See also David L. Marcus, “Melting Pot Coming to a Boil,” Dallas Morning News, January 16, 1994, p. 1A.
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36. See Eugene Robinson, Coal to Cream: A Black Man’s Journey Beyond Color To an Affirmation of Race (New York: Free Press, 1999). Robinson’s encounter with Vilma is described on pp. 10–14. See also pp. 11, 32. On the racial inequity Robinson encounters, see especially chapters 7 and 8. Scholarly treatments of race and racism in Brazil include France Winddance Twine, Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998), and Wood and Carvalho, The Demography of Inequality in Brazil, chapter 6.
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37. See Harris, Patterns of Race in the Americas, pp. 61–63; Twine, Racism in a Racial Democracy; Marx, “Contested Citizenship,” pp. 179–80; and Marcus, “Melting Pot Coming to a Boil,” p. 1A.
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38. Robinson, Coal to Cream, pp. 145, 181.
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39. Anthony Faiola, “Peruvian Candidate Reflects New Indian Pride,” Washington Post, March 31, 2000, p. A1.
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40. Finnegan, “Leasing the Rain,