World on Fire - Brownstein, Michael [164]
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41. See John Otis, “Popular Uprising,” Houston Chronicle, September 28, 2000, p. A16; Larry Rohter, “Bitter Indians Let Ecuador Know Fight Isn’t Over,” New York Times, January 27, 2000, p. A3; and Nicole Veash, “Ecuador on the Verge of Anarchy as Indians Revolt,” Independent (London), January 14, 2000, p. 16.
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42. Veash, “Ecuador on the Verge of Anarchy as Indians Revolt,” p. 16.
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43. My discussion of hip-hop in Brazil draws heavily on Jennifer Roth-Gordon, “Hip-Hop Brasileiro: Brazilian Youth and Alternative Black Consciousness Movements” (presented at the American Anthropology Association meeting held on November 18, 1999). See also Stephen Buckley, “Brazil’s Racial Awakening, Washington Post, June 12, 2000, p. A12.
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Chapter 3
1. See Chrystia Freeland, Sale of the Century: Russia’s Wild Ride from Communism to Capitalism (New York: Crown Business, 2000), which is based on Freeland’s personal interviews of the oligarchs. I draw extensively on Freeland’s book throughout the chapter. Other books covering the oligarchs include Paul Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin: Boris Berezovsky and the Looting of Russia (New York, San Diego, and London: Harcourt, Inc., 2000), and Matthew Brzezinski, Casino Moscow (New York: Free Press, 2001).
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2. See John Lloyd, “The Autumn of the Oligarchs,” New York Times Magazine, October 8, 2000, pp. 88–94.
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3. Freeland, Sale of the Century, p. 128.
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4. Ibid., p. 175; Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, p. 212.
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5. For two rather different descriptions of the loans-for-shares deal, see Freeland, Sale of the Century, chapter 8, and Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, chapter 8.
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6. As reported in Rachel Blustain, “Too Many Jews in the Kremlin?” Forward, April 4, 1997, p. 14.
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7. See National Conference on Soviet Jewry, Anti-Defamation League, “The Reemergence of Political Anti-Semitism in Russia: A Call for Action” (presented to Secretary of State Madeline Albright on January 21, 1999), pp. 6–7, available at http://www.adl.org/international/russian_political_antisemitism.html, and The World Bank, World Development Report 2000/2001 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). Determining the size of the Jewish population in Russia is complicated by a number of factors. The main problem is definitional: Different Jewish groups (e.g., Orthodox Jews as opposed to Reform Jews) apply different standards in determining who “counts” as Jewish. In Russia, many individuals with a single Jewish grandparent, or even just a “Jewish-sounding” surname, self-identify, and are perceived by others, as Jewish. At the same time, because of the long legacy of anti-Semitism in the country, many Russian Jews are not open about their heritage.
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8. On the Jews during the Middle Ages, see Solomon Grayzel, A History of the Jews (New York and Ontario: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1968), pp. 276–367, especially pp. 362, 365. See also Michael Grant, The Jews in the Roman World (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973).
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9. On the “commanding economic position” of the Jews in interwar Romania, see Barbara Jelavich, History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 160; in interwar Poland and Lithuania, see Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), pp. 23, 26, 226; and in interwar Hungary, see Peter Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (rev. ed.) (London: Peter Halban Publishers, 1988), pp. 10–11, 13. An accessible summary of the economic history of the Jews in Europe can be found in Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1996), pp. 238–82.
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10. My discussion of Jews in tsarist Russia draws heavily on Zvi Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present