World on Fire - Brownstein, Michael [165]
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11. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence, p. 11.
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12. Ibid., pp. 50, 52; Klier, Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, 1855–1881, pp. 290–91, 311–13.
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13. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence, pp. 14, 49–52; Sowell, Migrations and Culture, p. 64.
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14. See Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence, chapters 2, 5, and 6, especially pp. 151–54; Sowell, Migrations and Culture, pp. 271–72; and Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), pp. 450–55, 568–72.
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15. Freeland, Sale of the Century, p. 171.
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16. See Annalise Anderson, “The Red Mafia: A Legacy of Communism,” in Edward P. Lazear, ed., Economic Transition in Eastern Europe and Russia: Realities of Reform (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1995).
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17. Freeland, Sale of the Century, pp. 114–15.
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18. Ibid., pp. 116–19.
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19. Ibid., p. 118. See also Robert Cottrell, “Foreigners are reluctant but locals are confident,” Financial Times, July 2, 2001, p. 5.
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20. Lloyd, “The Autumn of the Oligarchs,” p. 90.
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21. Freeland, Sale of the Century, pp. 146–56, 194, 239–41.
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22. Ibid., p. 148.
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23. Ibid., pp. 121–26, 182–86.
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24. Khodorkovsky’s wealth and holdings are documented in Bernard S. Black, Reinier Kraakman, and Anna Tarassova, “Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?” Stanford Law Review 52 (2000): 1731–1803, pp. 1748, 1768; Oksana Yablokova, “Forbes List’s Rich Russians Get Richer,” Moscow Times, March 4, 2002, p. 1; and Sabrina Tavernise, “Fortune in Hand, Russian Tries to Polish Image,” New York Times, August 18, 2001, p. C3.
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25. Freeland, Sale of the Century, p. 121.
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26. See Black, Kraakman, and Tarassova, “Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance,” pp. 1754–55, and Tavernise, “Fortune in Hand, Russian Tries to Polish Image,” p. C3.
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27. Black, Kraakman, and Tarassova, “Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance,” pp. 1771–72.
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28. Freeland, Sale of the Century, p. 135.
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29. Klebnikov, Godfather of the Kremlin, pp. 89–90.
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30. For a vivid and detailed description of the Avva scheme, see Ibid., pp. 140–43.
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31. Freeland, Sale of the Century, pp. 137–41. See also Daniel W. Michaels, “Capitalism in the New Russia,” Journal of Historical Review 16 (1997): 21–27, p. 24.
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32. Freeland, Sale of the Century, pp. 141–45.
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33. See Peter Baker, “An Unlikely Savior on the Tundra,” Washington Post, March 2, 2001, p. A1; John Lloyd, “A miracle worker,” Financial Times, January 6, 2001, p. 1; and Sabrina Tavernise, “An Aluminum Behemoth is Born in Russia,” New York Times, April 6, 2001, p. W1.
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34. Freeland, Sale of the Century, pp. 127–33.
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35. Ibid., pp. 128, 172–89.
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36. Lloyd, “The Autumn of the Oligarchs,” p. 88.
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37. “Putin says 1996 Chechnya pullout was ‘major error,’” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, March 20, 2000.
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38. “Putin versus the oligarchs?” The Economist, June 17, 2000.
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39. Robert Siegel, Jacki Lyden, Lawrence Sheets, “Boris Berezovsky to release documentary in London,” All Things Considered, National Public Radio, February 21, 2002.
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40. Ibid. (interviewing Moscow journalists Masha Lipman and Stanislav Kucher).
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41. Brzezinski, Casino Moscow, pp. 180–81.
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42. On Friedman, see Cottrell, “Foreigners are reluctant but locals are confident,” p. 5. On Khodorkovsky’s new attitude, see Maura Reynolds, “An ‘Oligarch’s’ U-Turn toward Probity,