World on Fire - Brownstein, Michael [172]
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22. On the antidemocracy positions taken by prominent Indian leaders before independence, see Michael Cowan and Scott MacWilliam, Indigenous Capital in Kenya (Helsinki: Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki, 1996), p. 113. For a detailed discussion of Indian contributions to President Kenyatta’s political campaign, see pp. 114–15. On President Moi’s evolving relationship with Kenya’s Indian minority, see pp. 117–19, 129–30.
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23. “Victor Paz Estenssoro,” The Economist, June 23, 2001, p. 84.
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24. See Rodolfo Stavenhagen, “Social Dimensions: Ethnicity,” in Manuel Antonio Garretón M. and Edward Newman, eds., Democracy in Latin America (Tokyo, New York, and Paris: United Nations University Press, 2001), chapter 7, and Joseph Contreras, “Rise of the Indian,” Newsweek, August 13, 2001, p. 20. On President Alemán’s reprivatization campaign, see Peter H. Smith, “Mexico Since 1946: Dynamics of an Authoritarian Regime,” in Leslie Bethell, ed., Mexico Since Independence (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 321, 337, 339–40. On Guatemala, see Thomas and Marjorie Melville, Guatemala: The Politics of Land Ownership (New York: Free Press, 1971), pp. 81–94, 297–99, and Contreras, “Rise of the Indian.”
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25. On Brazil’s emerging racial consciousness, see Stephen Buckley, “Brazil’s Racial Awakening, Washington Post, June 11, 2000, p. A12; Andrew Downie, “Brazil creates race quotas to aid blacks,” Washington Times, August 28, 2001, p. A10; “I’m black, be fairer to me,” The Economist, October 20, 2001; and “Brazilian political movement aims to get blacks to take pride in their race,” NPR, All Things Considered, October 24, 2001.
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26. Anthony Faiola, “Peruvian Candidate Reflects New Indian Pride,” Washington Post, March 31, 2000, p. A1.
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27. Larry Rohter, “Bitter Indians Let Ecuador Know Fight Isn’t Over,” New York Times, January 27, 2000, p. A3, and “The Indians and the dollar,” The Economist, March 4, 2000.
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28. Paul Keller, “Natural-born rebel with a cause to stir,” Financial Times, February 2, 2002, p. 2, and Clifford Krauss, “Bolivia Makes Key Concessions to Indians,” New York Times, October 7, 2000, p. A8.
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Chapter 7
1. Roy Gutman, “Death Camp Horrors,” Newsday, October 18, 1992, p. 3.
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2. Bill Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full (New York: Basic Books, 2001), p. 259.
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3. On anti-Russian policies in the former Soviet Union, see Jeff Chinn and Robert Kaiser, Russians as the New Minority (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), especially pp. 1–3, 12, and Gail W. Lapidus and Victor Zaslavsky, with Philip Goldman, From Union to Commonwealth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), especially pp. 45–70. On the departure of Jews from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, see Tel Aviv University, “Anti-Semitism Worldwide 1999/2000: Former Soviet Union,” available at http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw99-2000/fsu.htm. See also Jay Solomon, “Indonesia’s Chinese Move to Increase Civil Rights after a Decades-Long Ban on Political Activities,” Wall Street Journal, June 9, 1998, p. A14.
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4. My discussion of the recently deported Eritrean business community in Ethiopia draws heavily on Noah Benjamin Novogrodsky, “Identity Politics,” Boston Review, summer 1999, and Julia Stewart, “Ethiopian government under fire for deportation of Eritrean businessmen,” Birmingham Post, November 7, 1998. See also “Eritrean rights group claims Ethiopia intends to seize Eritreans’ property,” Agence France-Presse, March 1, 2000.
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5. Philip Gourevitch, We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families (New York: Picador USA, 1998), pp. 47–49, 55–56.
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6. Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full, p. 258, and Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda