Writing Analytically, 6th Edition - Rosenwasser, David & Stephen, Jill.original_ [196]
They place an extended citation for each source, including the author, title, date, and place of publication, at the end of the paper (though in Chicago, this end-of-text list is optional when employing footnotes/endnotes: consult with your professor). These end-of-text citations are organized in a list, usually alphabetically.
All four styles distinguish among different kinds of sources—providing slightly differing formulas for citing books, articles, encyclopedias, government documents, interviews, and so forth.
They all ask for these basic pieces of information to be provided whenever they are known: author, title of larger work along with title of article or chapter as appropriate, date of publication, and publisher or institutional affiliation.
To briefly distinguish the styles:
the APA style employs the author-date format of parenthetical in-text citation and predominates in the social sciences;
the Chicago style, best known for its use of footnotes or endnotes, is employed in history, the fine arts, and some other humanities disciplines;
the CSE (aka CBE) style, which employs alternately the citation-sequence system and the name-year system, is commonly used throughout the sciences, especially the natural sciences; and
the MLA style, which uses the author-page format of parenthetical in-text citation, prevails in the humanities disciplines of language, literature, film, and cultural studies.
Here are a few basic examples of in-text and end-of-text citations in the four most commonly used styles, followed by a brief discussion of the rules that apply.
1. APA STYLE
In-text citation: Studies of students’ changing attitudes toward the small colleges they attend suggest that their loyalty to the institution declines steadily over a four-year period, whereas their loyalty to individual professors or departments increases “markedly, by as much as twenty-five percent over the last two years” (Brown, 1994, p. 41).
For both books and articles, include the author’s last name, followed by a comma, and then the date of publication. If you are quoting or referring to a specific passage, include the page number as well, separated from the date by a comma and the abbreviation “p.” (or “pp.”), followed by a space. If the author’s name has been mentioned in the sentence, include only the date in the parentheses immediately following the author’s name.
In-text citation: Brown (1992) documents the decline in students’ institutional loyalty.
End-of-text book citation: Tannen, D. (1991). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: Ballantine Books.
End-of-text journal article citation: Baumeister, R. (1987). How the self became a problem: A psychological review of historical research. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 52, 163–176.
End-of-text website citation: Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/2000/index.htm
End-of-text citation of a journal article retrieved from a website or database: Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Note that citations of journal articles retrieved on the web include a DOI, a unique code that allows easy retrieval of the article. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed. Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx
If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal or report publisher. If you retrieve an article from a library (subscription) database, in general it is not necessary to include the database information in the citation. Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material has changed over time.
APA style requires an alphabetical list of references (by author’s last name, which keys the reference to the in-text