1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [238]
51. Gerald Carson, “Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow,” American Heritage, Feb. 1966; Baltimore Sun, Apr. 30, 1844; Constitution [Middletown, Conn.], Mar. 12, 1856; The Congregationalist (n.d.), quoted in Charleston Mercury, Feb. 27, 1857.
52. Constitution [Washington, D.C.], Apr. 7, 1860; New Orleans Picayune, Apr. 24, 1853; Christopher Oldstone-Moore, “The Beard Movement in Victorian Britain,” Victorian Studies, vol. 48, no. 1 (2005), pp. 7–34; Susan Walton, “From Squalid Impropriety to Manly Respectability: The Revival of Beards, Moustaches, and Martial Values in the 1850s in England,” Nineteenth-Century Contexts, vol. 30, no. 3 (Sept. 2008), pp. 229–45.
53. The classic account of this ideology and its rapid development is Eric Foner’s Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (2nd ed., New York, 1995).
54. Foner, Free Soil, pp. 302–03; Eric J. Cardinal, “The Ohio Democracy,” p. 29 note.
55. Booraem, The Road to Respectability, pp. 138–40. The sudden death of President Taylor in 1850 drew only a passing mention in Garfield’s diary.
56. Peskin, Garfield, pp. 33–34; Cottom, pp. 63–64. Garfield, according to Cottom, was also influenced by an incident in November 1855 when a mob of Southern students attacked an antislavery meeting at a Disciple college in Virginia.
57. Allan Peskin, Garfield, pp. 60–61. His entry into electoral politics arose in a most unlikely way, with the sudden death of a sixty-two-year-old shopkeeper named Cyrus Prentiss. Until his inconvenient demise, the worthy Mr. Prentiss had been local Republicans’ handpicked choice for the district seat in the Ohio Senate. But only three weeks before the nominating convention, the party chieftains of the 26th District were without a nominee. They settled on Garfield, who had won a degree of popularity with his sermons, lectures, and leadership of the college. Robert C. Brown et al., History of Portage County, Ohio (Chicago, 1885), p. 829; Charles J. F. Binney, History and Genealogy of the Prentice, or Prentiss Family in New England Etc. (Boston, 1883), p. 368.
58. JAG to Rhodes, Jan. 9, 1859, quoted in Brown and Williams, The Diary of James A. Garfield, p. xxviii.
59. In October 1860, the master’s daughter had taken Bagby with her on a short trip across the Pennsylvania border; while there, Bagby managed to escape, first to Pittsburgh and then to Cleveland.
60. John E. Vacha, “The Case of Sara Lucy Bagby: A Late Gesture,” Ohio History, vol. 76, no. 4 (Autumn 1967), p. 224; Cleveland Herald, Jan. 19, 1861, reprinted in Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Jan. 21, 1861; Judith Luckett, “Local Studies and Larger Issues: The Case of Sara Bagby,” Teaching History, vol. 27, no. 2 (Fall 2002), pp. 88–89; Anti-Slavery Bugle (Salem, Ohio), Jan. 26, 1861. Rumor in the local African-American community held that Bagby had been betrayed by a black woman named Graves, who, for an unknown motive, had written to Bagby’s master informing him of her whereabouts. (Cleveland Herald, Jan. 19, 1861.)
61. Cleveland Herald, Jan. 19, 1861, reprinted in Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Jan. 21, 1861.
62. Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Jan. 23, 1861; Cleveland Leader, Jan. 22, 1861, reprinted in Anti-Slavery Bugle, Feb. 2, 1861; John Malvin, Autobiography of John Malvin (Cleveland, 1879), pp. 37–38; Vacha, “The Case of Sara Lucy Bagby,” p. 227; William Cheek and Annie Lee Cheek, John Mercer Langston and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1829–1865 (Urbana, Ill., 1989), pp. 373–74.
63. Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Jan. 23, 1861; Cleveland Leader, Jan. 21, 1861, reprinted in Anti-Slavery Bugle, Feb. 2, 1861. After the affair was over, a group of abolitionist women sent thirty pieces of silver to the Leader’s editor, with a note identifying them as “Judas’s Reward.” Luckett, “Local Studies,” p. 90.
64. Cleveland Herald, n.d., in Anti-Slavery Bugle, Jan. 24, 1861.
65. Vacha, “The Case of Sara Lucy Bagby,” pp. 227–28. Spalding seems to have moderated his position of a few years earlier. At the 1856 Republican National Convention, he