1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [239]
66. Cleveland Leader, Jan. 24, 1861, reprinted in Anti-Slavery Bugle, Feb. 2, 1861; Vacha, “The Case of Sara Lucy Bagby,” p. 229; Daily Capital City Fact, Jan. 24, 1861.
67. Cincinnati Daily Commercial, Jan. 26, 1861; Cleveland Leader, Jan. 25, 1861, reprinted in Anti-Slavery Bugle, Feb. 2, 1861.
68. Booraem, “The Road to Respectability,” pp. 130–31; Cottom, “To Be Among the First,” p. 60, note; Brown and Williams, eds., The Diary of James A. Garfield, vol. 1, pp. 290, 344–45 (Oct. 6, 1857, and Dec. 2, 1859).
69. Peskin, Garfield, p. 58.
70. Dorothy Sterling, Ahead of Her Time: Abby Kelley and the Politics of Antislavery (New York, 1991), pp. 1, 14, 213–14; Douglas Andrew Gamble, “Moral Suasion in the West: Garrisonian Abolition, 1831–1861” (PhD diss., Ohio State University, 1973), pp. 12–13; The Liberator, June 27, 1845; C. B. Galbreath, “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Columbiana County,” Ohio History, vol. 30, no. 4 (Oct. 1921), p. 370. One of Kelley’s companions on the journey, E. F. Stebbins, reported back to Garrison that he found among the Ohioans “far more candor, and less blinding prejudice, than farther east, and of course more willingness to discuss fairly, and arrive at the truth.… A willingness exists in the minds of the people to hear and investigate; and we find those who will, we trust, be true to the cause.” (The Liberator, June 27, 1845.)
71. Sterling, Ahead of Her Time, p. 214. The full quotation on the masthead continued, “the alarm bell which startles the inhabitants of a city keeps them from being burned in their beds.”
72. Gamble, “Moral Suasion,” pp. 18, 24; Galbreath, “The Anti-Slavery Movement,” p. 380 (citing the New Lisbon Palladium, n.d.), pp. 383–85. Abby Kelley Salem remained in town for many years to come.
73. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (New York, 1995), p. 73.
74. Francis Phelps Weisenburger, Columbus During the Civil War (Columbus, 1963), p. 4.
75. John T. Cumbler, From Abolitionism to Rights for All: The Making of a Reform Community in the Nineteenth Century (Philadelphia, 2008), p. 57; James Brewer Stewart, Joshua R. Giddings and the Tactics of Radical Politics (Cleveland, 1970), p. 275.
76. In the 1870s, Garfield remarked privately that he did not want to buy a house on Capitol Hill in Washington because the neighborhood was “infested” with Negroes and that he “never could get in love with the creatures.”
77. Foner, Free Soil, pp. 265–66.
78. Susan-Mary Grant, North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (Lawrence, Kans., 2000), pp. 105–07.
79. New-York Tribune, April 12, 1865, quoted in Foner, Free Soil, p. 310.
80. Frank L. Klement, The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War (New York, 1998), p. 18.
81. “Lecture 11th, April 21st 1859: Contrast & resemblances between North & South,” JAG Papers. In another lecture, Garfield suggested that the natural fault lines in the Old World ran between East and West, while those in the New World ran between North and South. (“Lect 2, Jan 27th 1859: Physical Geography,” JAG Papers.)
82. Burke A. Hinsdale to JAG, Feb. 13, 1861; JAG to Hinsdale, Feb. 17, 1861; both in JAG Papers.
83. JAG to Hinsdale, Jan. 15, 1861, JAG Papers.
84. National Anti-Slavery Standard, Mar. 30 and Apr. 6, 1861.
85. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 2, pp. 15–35.
86. Ibid., pp. 36–7; New York Times, Feb. 26, 1861.
87. Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington, 1861–1865 (New York, 1941), p. 35; Philadelphia Inquirer, Feb. 23, 1861.
88. 36th Congress, 2nd Session, Report No. 79, “Alleged Hostile Organization Against the Government Within the District of Columbia,” pp. 3–8; Leech, pp. 28–30.
89. Kirwan, John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union (Louisville, Ky., 1962), pp. 405–06; The Liberator, Mar. 15, 1861. The humorist was Matthew Whittier (younger