1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [247]
6. George and Sarah Ellsworth, New York, pension file W.19226, National Archives.
7. See Glenn Wallach, Obedient Sons: The Discourse of Youth and Generations in American Culture, 1630–1860 (Amherst, 1997), pp. 118–19.
8. Randall, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, p. 31; Newton M. Curtis, The Black-Plumed Riflemen: A Tale of the Revolution (New York, 1846).
9. Mabel McIlvaine, ed., Reminiscences of Chicago During the Civil War (Chicago, 1914), p. 4, and Reminiscences of Chicago During the Forties and Fifties (Chicago, 1913), p. 13.
10. Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York, 1997), pp. 112–13, 123.
11. Randall, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, p. 92.
12. Ibid., p. 43.
13. Ibid., p. 37.
14. Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), p. 491; James B. Whisker, The Rise and Decline of the American Militia System (Selinsgrove, Pa., 1999), p. 331.
15. Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Tradition in America (Boston, 1968), p. 226.
16. Luther E. Robinson, “Elmer Ellsworth, First Martyr of the Civil War,” Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1923, illus. facing p. 111.
17. W. J. Hardee, Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics (Philadelphia, 1855).
18. [John Hay], “Ellsworth,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1861.
19. See, e.g. [Jeremiah Burns], The Patriot’s Offering; or, the Life, Services, and Military Career of the Noble Trio, Ellsworth, Lyon, and Baker (New York, 1862), p. 9.
20. Robinson, Elmer Ellsworth, pp. 112–13; Martha Swain, “It Was Fun, Soldier,” American Heritage, vol. 7, no. 5 (Aug. 1956).
21. See, e.g., Chicago Press and Tribune, June 6, 1859.
22. Chicago Tribune, Feb. 2, 1896.
23. Chicago Tribune, July 25, 1860.
24. Quoted in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, July 28, 1860.
25. E. E. Ellsworth, Manual of Arms for Light Infantry, Adapted to the Rifled Musket, with, or without, the Priming Attachment, Arranged for the U.S. Zouave Cadets, Governor’s Guard of Illinois, n.d., n.p. [Chicago, 1860], pp. 15–17.
26. Chicago Tribune, July 25, 1860.
27. Undated [1859–60] clipping in scrapbook, History of U.S. Zouave Cadets, G. G. Military Champions of America, 1859–60, n.p., Library of Congress General Collections, UA178.Z8.H6.
28. Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, p. 267.
29. Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians, p. 71; Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 1, pp. 272ff.
30. Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians, pp. 97, 427; John J. McDonald, “Emerson and John Brown,” New England Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 3 (Sept. 1971), pp. 386–87 n.
31. Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians, pp. 400–01.
32. Ibid., p. 356.
33. Ibid., pp. 90, 369.
34. Ibid., p. 348; Charles Ingraham, Elmer E. Ellsworth and the Zouaves of ’61 (Chicago, 1925).
35. Eighteen-year-old Edgar Allan Poe, in his first published poem, Tamerlane (1827), rang out a challenge to his elders that could have been a battle cry for the rising generation: “I was ambitious—have you known / The passion, father? You have not.”
36. For the culture and experiences of young men in nineteenth-century America, see especially E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to Modern Era (New York, 1993); as well as Howard P. Chudacoff, The Age of the Bachelor: Creating an American Subculture (Princeton, 1999); and Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York, 2006).
37. Whitman knew personally what it was like to be a solitary young man—and boy—in the city. When he was only about thirteen, in the early 1830s, his struggling parents moved from Brooklyn back to rural Long Island, and Walt remained alone to seek his fortune.
38. Early-nineteenth-century Americans above the age of fourteen consumed an average of 6.6 to 7.1 gallons of pure alcohol each year. The average at the turn of the twenty-first century was about 2.8 gallons. Thomas R. Pegram, Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800–1933 (Chicago, 1998), p. 7.
39. See Thomas Augst, The