1861_ The Civil War Awakening - Adam Goodheart [264]
82. New York Times, June 9, 1861; Kate Masur, “ ‘A Rare Phenomenon of Philological Vegetation’: The Word ‘Contraband’ and the Meanings of Emancipation in the United States,” Journal of American History, vol. 93, no. 4 (March 2007), p. 1051; Philadelphia Inquirer, July 1, 1861.
83. Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery (New York, 2010), p. 171.
84. Engs, Freedom’s First Generation, pp. 15–16; Rouse, When the Yankees Came, p. 54; Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.”
85. Trenton Daily State Gazette and Republican, June 5, 1861; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, June 8, 1861; Douglass’ Monthly, July 1861.
86. BFB to Montgomery Blair, June 6, 1861, Blair Family Papers, LC; BFB to Winfield Scott, May 27, 1861, BFB Papers, LC.
87. Theodore Winthrop to Laura Winthrop Johnson, May 31, 1861, in Winthrop, Life and Poems, pp. 288–89. Parton, General Butler in New York, pp. 131–32, gives a similar version of the story as recollected several years later by some of the other officers present.
88. Winthrop, Life and Poems, passim; Curtis, “Theodore Winthrop,” The Atlantic, November 1861.
89. Butler’s Book, p. 203; Curtis, “Theodore Winthrop.”
90. Curtis, “Theodore Winthrop.”
91. Lewis C. Lockwood to “Dear Brethren,” April 17, 1862, American Missionary Association Papers, Fisk University.
92. Blair to BFB, May 29, 1861, BFB papers.
93. C. K. Warren to A. Duryee, May 31, 1861, BFB Papers.
94. Lockwood to “Dear Brethren,” Mar. 26, 1862, AMA Papers; Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe”; Ervin L. Jordan, Jr., Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia (Charlottesville, Va., 1955), p. 28; Boston Traveller, July 6, 1861; Lewis C. Lockwood, Mary S. Peake, the Colored Teacher at Fortress Monroe (Boston, n.d.), p. 56. Vermont in 1860 had just 709 black inhabitants, or less than one quarter of one percent of its population (1860 census).
95. New York Times, June 15, 1861; Philadelphia Inquirer, July 16, 1861; Davenport, Camp and Field Life, pp. 76–80.
96. Eugene Goodwin, Civil War Diary, July 22, 1861, online at www.iagenweb.org.
97. Engs, Freedom’s First Generation, pp. 18–19; M. F. Armstrong and Helen W. Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students (New York, 1874), pp. 109–14.
98. Gammons, Third Massachusetts Regiment, p. 194; New York Times, Sept. 8, 1897; Boston Traveller, May 10, 1861. Pierce wrote a series of dispatches to the Traveller between April and July, parts of which he eventually adapted into his article on the contrabands in the Atlantic.
99. Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe”; New York Times, Oct. 4, 1861; Boston Traveller, July 15, 1861.
100. Boston Traveller, July 10, 1861.
101. New York Times, June 13, 1861; Charles P. Poland, Jr., The Glories of War: Small Battles and Early Heroes of 1861 (Bloomington, Ind., 2004), p. 208; Winthrop, Life and Poems, p. 291; Springfield Republican, June 29, 1861; E. W. Pierce to BFB, June 12, 1861, OR I, vol. 2, p. 83; Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Civil War (Boston, 1953), pp. 78–79.
102. Weekly Anglo-African, Aug. 17, 1861; Winthrop, Life and Poems, p. 291; New York World, June 14, 1861; Poland, Glories of War, pp. 208–09.
103. New York World, June 14, 1861.
104. Poland, Glories of War, pp. 211–224.
105. Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.”
106. BFB to Simon Cameron, July 30, 1861, in Letters, vol. 1, pp. 187–88.
107. BFB to Pierce, Aug. 15, 1861, in Letters, vol. 1, p. 216.
108. As just one example of Butler’s fan mail, an old college classmate wrote to him on May 31: “Do you recollect how often, when planning for the future in my room at college, you used to remark ‘Well Gray if you & I live, you will hear from me by & by?’ Your prophecy seems to be rapidly fulfilling.… You have already made several ‘happy hits’—but none that has met with more hearty response & indeed electrified the whole nation, like your nigger ‘contraband goods’ doct.!! Why shdnt the darkies dig trenches & throw breast works for us, as well as for the rebels? To know