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By Root 1787 0

how best to dispose of them, when they come rushing to you by the 1000s, is the question. But you struck the right chord! Two or three such brilliant strokes, will put you in sight of the White House! The man who does the most towards removing the cause of this war, will be the next President of the U.S.! Mark the prophecy!” (E. H. Gray to BFB, May 31, 1861, BFB Papers.)

109. Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.”

110. Michael Meyer, The Year that Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall (New York, 2009), pp. 5–8, 166–67.

111. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York, 1904), vol. 4, p. 387.

112. Media, Pa., Advertiser, n.d., in Weekly Anglo-African, Aug. 10, 1861; Boston Traveller, May 2 and June 1, 1861; Sandusky Register, June 28, 1861; Harvey Brown to E. D. Townsend, June 22, 1861, OR II, vol. 1, p. 755; Harrisburg Union, June 27, 1861, in Washington Evening Star, July 3, 1861; Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.” Some slaves even crossed the Potomac from Washington, D.C., to Virginia in search of troops that might harbor them. (Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, vol. 4, p. 390.)

113. George McClellan to “The Union Men of Western Virginia,” May 26, 1861, OR II, vol. 1, p. 753; Harvey Brown to E. D. Townsend, June 22, 1861, OR II, vol. 1, p. 755.

114. Boston Traveller, July 13, 1861; J. H. Lane to S. D. Sturgis, Oct. 3, 1861, OR II, vol. 1, pp. 771–72. Lane had served as a U.S. senator from Kansas, which is probably how he got away with sending such an extraordinary note to his commander.

115. Simon Cameron to BFB, Aug. 8, 1861, in BFB, Letters, vol. 1, pp. 201–03; Pierce, “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe.”

116. Trenton State Gazette, June 12, 1861.

117. Allan Pinkerton, The Spy of the Rebellion (New York, 1886), p. 194; Albany Evening Journal, n.d., in Weekly Anglo-African, Aug. 17, 1861.

118. New York World, June 4, 1861.

119. New-York Tribune, July 25, 1861.

120. Douglass’ Monthly, June 1861; Boston Traveller, June 4, 1861; John Cimprich, Slavery’s End in Tennessee, 1861–1865 (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), pp. 12–13; Pinkerton, Spy, p. 177.

121. New-York Tribune, n.d., in National Anti-Slavery Standard, May 18, 1861; New York Herald, n.d., in National Anti-Slavery Standard, June 15, 1861.

122. Jessie Frémont to John Anderson, May 11, 1861, Anderson Family Papers, Kansas State Historical Society.

123. Robinson, “In the Shadow of Old John Brown”; Mary Elizabeth Massey, Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront (Columbia, S.C., 1993), p. 7; John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen (London, 1907), p. 2.

124. Donn Piatt, Memories of the Men Who Saved the Union (New York, 1887), p. 150.

125. Burning of Hampton: BFB to Winfield Scott, August 8, 1861, and J. Bankhead Magruder to George Deas, Aug. 9, 1861, in OR I, vol. 4, pp. 567–72; Philadelphia Inquirer, Aug. 10, 1861; H. K. W. Patterson, War Memories of Fort Monroe and Vicinity (Fort Monroe, Va., 1885), pp. 30–33; Boston Globe, Aug. 7, 1911; Cobb and Holt, Images of America, pp. 33–39; Williamson, Of the Sea and Skies, pp. 181–82; Cobb, “Rehearsing Reconstruction in Occupied Virginia,” p. 144; William H. Osborne, The History of the Twenty-ninth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry (Boston, 1877), pp. 78–81; Starkey, The First Plantation, pp. 81–2; Rouse, When the Yankees Came, p. 99.

Chapter Nine: Independence Day

1. Cometary observations: Daily National Intelligencer, July 4, 1861; Astronomical and Meteorological Observations Made at the United States Naval Observatory, During the Year 1861 (Washington, D.C., 1862); Washington Star, July 2 and 5, 1861; “The Comet As It Appeared to the Eyes of a Common Man,” Scientific American, vol. 5, no. 2 (July 13, 1861), p. 27; “The Great Comet of 1861,” The Friend: A Religious and Literary Journal, Aug. 3, 1861, p. 34; Littell’s Living Age, Oct. 19, 1861; New York Herald, July 3 and 4, 1861; Cincinnati Daily Commercial, July 6, 1861; New York Times, July 8, 1861; Boston Traveller, July 8, 1861;