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39. A—(Chapter 14) Tony’s sense of self-efficacy or belief in his abilities to accomplish tasks should be maximized by all of these accomplishments.

40. B—(Chapter 12) Fixed action patterns are species-specific innate behaviors unaffected by learning.

41. B—(Chapter 15) To standardize a test, each of the actions mentioned would be taken—pre-testing of a sample population for whom the test is intended under uniform instructions.

42. B—(Chapter 16) Compulsive hand washing is a common experience of those suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. A compulsion is the repetition of some action over and over even though it serves no useful purpose.

43. D—(Chapter 6) The survey technique is being utilized here. It is a research method that obtains large samples of responses through questionnaire or interview. No variables have been manipulated as in an experiment.

44. C—(Chapter 8) Sensory adaptation is the lessening of perception of a stimulus with repeated stimulation, like the temperature of the pool water. You perceive the pool water as cold when you first jump in, but the neural firing decreases over time with repeated stimulation and you no longer notice it.

45. E—(Chapter 16) DSM-IV is a diagnostic guide used by mental health professionals to diagnose patients. It lists symptoms of these disorders, but does not list the causes of mental disorders.

46. C—(Chapter 12) According to set point theory, an individual’s regulated weight is balanced by adjusting food intake and metabolic rate.

47. C—(Chapter 7) Only the PET scan images function of the brain. The CAT and MRI both show the structures of the brain in good detail. The fMRI, like the PET, can show both structure and function.

48. A—(Chapter 16) To have been diagnosed with disorganized schizophrenia, Aaron would have had to have a break with reality and probably been unable to tell the difference between right and wrong. A person who is legally insane during the commission of acts constituting an offense is unable to appreciate the nature and quality, or the wrongfulness, of his acts. According to law, “Mental disease or defect does not otherwise constitute a defense.”

49. C—(Chapter 18) Group A is likely to become more entrenched. This is an example of group polarization.

50. C—(Chapter 11) Penfield’s studies suggest that the old memories are still present and probably have not been stimulated or needed to be retrieved recently.

51. B—(Chapter 14) Displacement, a Freudian defense mechanism, allows us to express feelings toward a group or individual perceived to be less threatening to us, rather than the direct target or ourselves.

52. D—(Chapter 13) Longitudinal studies follow the same group of people for a longer period of time. They are tested at several points, thus providing reliable data about age effects. Cross-sectional studies may be confounded by the cohort effect and are not as valid for measuring age effects.

53. B—(Chapter 12) Their goal seems more related to successful completion of the course with a passing grade than learning the material. Grades represent extrinsic rewards, while learning for pleasure and internal satisfaction represent intrinsic rewards.

54. B—(Chapter 10) Repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus brings about extinction in classical conditioning. The conditioned response will disappear.

55. B—(Chapter 6) The median is a measure of central tendency achieved by ordering the numbers consecutively and determining the middle number. Here there are nine numbers, so the 5th number, 8, is the median of the scores.

56. C—(Chapter 15) Because the AP exam in Psychology is supposed to measure what you have learned in a course already taken, it is an achievement test.

57. C—(Chapter 8) Transduction is the conversion of physical stimuli into changes in the activity of receptor cells of sensory organs. The rods and cones are stimulated by photons of light while the hair cells in the cochlea are stimulated by sound waves.

58. C—(Chapter 9) When our interest decreases, we often