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59. E—(Chapter 11) The availability heuristic is a tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind. Each time any of these events do occur, the media publicizes the information very thoroughly.

60. D—(Chapter 11) Although largely discredited, Whorf believed that language determines the way we think. He cited studies of bilingual people who said that they experienced a different sense of self when thinking in two different languages.

61. C—(Chapter 12) A lesion in the ventromedial hypothalamus would cause a rat to continue to eat. It is theorized to be the “satiety” center, or off button, for hunger sensation, so if it were lesioned, the rat would continue to eat as long as the food supply was available.

62. C—(Chapter 12) Matina Horner’s studies concluded that bright women fear success because it is correlated with masculinity in our culture. Maria would attend a community college rather than a very competitive college. Those with fear of success tend to select easy or noncompetitive goals.

63. A—(Chapter 14) David McClelland and others used the TAT to assess achievement motivation in their subjects. The stories that subjects told interpreting the pictures displayed were rated for achievement themes.

64. D—(Chapter 6) In data sets that have a few outliers like the 42 and 38 here, the median is a better measure of central tendency than the arithmetic mean.

65. E—(Chapter 16) The medical model attributes mental illness to faulty processes in neurochemistry, brain structures, and genetics. Social circumstances would not be considered causative factors.

66. B—(Chapter 13) According to Kohlberg, most teens follow a conventional level of morality. Stage IV, or the law and order stage, says that you understand the need for laws and, thus, conform to them for the good of the community.

67. B—(Chapter 18) Irving Janis described the dangerous implications of groupthink during the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion. The top executives may want to preserve group harmony, so they would tend to self-censor opposing viewpoints to the president’s. Bringing in outside consultants to play devil’s advocate will increase the likelihood that more possibilities will be explored and the pros and cons will be discussed before the decision is made.

68. C—(Chapter 6) Although Javier found someone who teaches the same subject at both time periods, confounding variables, such as the mean GPA of both groups, if left uncontrolled, are likely to give him faulty results.

69. A—(Chapter 7) Heritability is the percentage of variation among individuals that is caused by genes. Since clones have exactly the same genes, none of their differences can be attributed to heredity.

70. D—(Chapter 11) Telegraphic speech, or shortened two-word sentences, are characteristic of children’s language development, at around age 2.

71. A—(Chapter 12) Though Type A individuals tend to have each of these traits, further research showed that the Type A traits of anger, hostility, and cynicism were the ones most correlated with heart disease.

72. A—(Chapter 7) The limbic system is considered to be “emotion central” of the central nervous system. The amygdala is a structure within the limbic system that has been found to be very active in strong emotional responses, such as fear.

73. E—(Chapter 12) The reticular formation arouses our attention, but not specifically our sexual behavior. It keeps us alert to incoming stimuli and filters out stimuli when we are asleep. Each of the other answers is more directly involved in some action of sexual behavior, especially in humans.

74. A—(Chapter 6) The independent variable. How long it takes students to answer questions is the dependent variable.

75. A—(Chapter 18) Hostile aggression is defined as inflicting pain upon an unwilling victim. The man is slapping his wife out of anger and consciously choosing to display it in this fashion.

76. E—(Chapter 10) Upon further investigation of Pavlov’s findings in classical conditioning, Rescorla