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behind his back, in January Seward tried to rouse public support by publishing all of the previous year’s correspondence between the State Department and the various legations. He made sure to include the originals of letters that had been toned down. His opponents replied by publishing a pamphlet entitled “A Review of Mr. Seward’s Diplomacy,” which exposed his considerable blunders. Jay Monaghan, Diplomat in Carpet Slippers (New York, 1945), p. 212.

20. Pease and Randall (eds.), The Diary of Orville H. Browning, January 25, 1861, p. 527.

21. BL Add. MS 415670, f. 219, Herbert to mother, January 14, 1862.

22. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (London, 1988), p. 372.

23. Martin Crawford (ed.), William Howard Russell’s Civil War: Private Diary and Letters, 1861–1862 (Athens, Ga., 1992), pp. 218–19, Russell to Delane, January 16, 1862.

24. Illustrated London News, February 22, 1862.

25. Ibid., March 22, 1862.

26. BL Add. MS 415670, f. 221, Herbert to mother, February 4, 1862.

27. Charles F. Johnson, The Long Roll (repr. Shepherdstown, W.V., 1986), p. 93.

28. Illustrated London News, March 22, 1862.

29. There were some minor incidents in January and February but Lyons brushed them off. Not serious, but annoying, was Seward’s cheeky offer to let British troops travel through Maine to Canada. It was actually a case of lost luggage, but Seward used the incident to make it appear as though he were graciously allowing the British Army to disembark in the United States on their way to invade her from Canada.

30. West Sussex RO, Lyons MSS, box 300, Lord Lyons to Augusta Mary Minna Lyons, January 31 and February 7, 1862.

31. PRO 30/22/36, f. 27–28, Lyons to Russell, February 1, 1862.

32. Edward Dicey, Spectator of America, ed. Herbert Mitgang (Athens, Ga., 1971), pp. 90–92.

33. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital, ed. Earl Schenck Miers (Urbana, Ill., 1958), p. 63, January 1, 1862.

34. C. Vann Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven, 1981), p. 286, February 11, 1862.

35. Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin (New York, 1988), p. 146.

36. Crawford (ed.), William Howard Russell’s Civil War, p. 219, Russell to Delane, January 16, 1862.

37. Living Age, 69/3 (Oct.–Dec. 1863), p. 189.

38. Burton J. Hendrick, Statesmen of the Lost Cause (New York, 1939), p. 235.

39. When Slidell was a boy, living in the First Ward, his best friend was Charles Wilkes. The friendship was broken when they were teenagers, over the affections of a local girl. They had not seen each other for many years when Slidell became Wilkes’s unwilling guest on board the San Jacinto.

40. Woodward (ed.), Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, p. 170, September 28, 1861.

41. Wallace and Gillespie (eds.), The Journal of Benjamin Moran, vol. 2, p. 1212, September 22, 1863.

42. Crawford (ed.), William Howard Russell’s Private Diary and Letters, p. 61, May 25, 1861.

43. William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South, ed. Eugene H. Berwanger (New York, 1988), p. 164, May 25, 1861. Slidell’s experience of foreign diplomacy was limited to his eighteen-month stint in Mexico, where he served as the American minister, 1845–46.

44. The Times, December 10, 1861.

45. Francis W. Dawson, Reminiscences of Confederate Service, 1861–1865, ed. Bell I. Wiley (Baton Rouge, La., 1980), p. 182, Dawson to mother, February 20, 1862.

46. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, encl. no. 3, p. 332, Mason to Hunter, February 7, 1862.

47. Stephen Z. Starr, Colonel Grenfell’s Wars (Baton Rouge, La., 1971), p. 40.

48. Ibid.

49. E. D. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 2 vols. in 1 (New York, 1958), vol. 1, p. 243.

50. Ibid., p. 263.

51. ORN, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 343, Mason to Hunter, February 22, 1862.

52. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, p. 243.

53. Ibid., p. 261, and Brian Jenkins, Britain and the War for the Union, 2 vols. (Montreal, 1974, 1980), vol. 1, p. 253. The blockade issue was further muddied by Northern plans to block up Charleston Harbor with