Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [196]
35. AFG Bourke 1999, Colony size, social complexity and reproductive conflict in social insects, J. Evol. Biol. 12: 245–257.
36. In most social species other than ants and the majority of other eusocial insects, individuals can leave a group to join another group, start a group of their own, or live alone (as do human immigrants, pilgrims, and hermits). The ants’ faithfulness to their societies may serve as a measure of the strength of group selection as described in DS Wilson, EO Wilson 2007, Rethinking the theoretical foundation of sociobiology, Quart. Rev. Biol. 82: 327–348. Bonding is equally strong even among simple organisms such as sponges; see X Fernández-Busquets, The sponge as a model of cellular recognition, in Sourcebook of Models for Biomedical Research, ed. P. Michael Conn (New York: Springer, 2008), pp. 75–83.
37. NR Franks 1989, Thermoregulation in army ant bivouacs, Physiol. Entomol. 14: 397–404.
38. Because army ant colonies split (chapter 4), their reproduction is as if a human mother were to give birth to a child her own weight. Honeybees show a similar investment: J Tautz, The Buzz about Bees: Biology of a Superorganism (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2008).
39. M Maeterlinck, The Swarm from the Life of the Bee, trans. A Euwer (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1901), pp. 39, 45–46.
40. M Batty 2008, The size, scale, and shape of cities, Science 319: 769–771; LMA Bettencourt, J Lobo, D Helbing, C Kühnert, GB West 2007, Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104: 7301–7306; JT Bonner, The Evolution of Complexity by Means of Natural Selection (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1988).
41. EO Wilson 1973, Ants of Easter Island and Juan Fernández, Pac. Insects 15: 285–287.
42. WJ Broad 1996, Paradise lost: Biosphere retooled as atmospheric nightmare, New York Times, 19 November, C1.
index
Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.
acacia, 129–31, 130
Acanthognathus (trapjaw ants): human comparisons, 223; mandibles of, 43, 44; size of colonies, 44; social organization, 224; springtail predation by, 42–43, 43, 44
acorn ants. See Protomognathus americanus; Temnothorax
acorn moth, 153
acorn weevil, 153
acrobat ants. See Crematogaster
Acromyrmex: division of labor, 254n23; as leafcutters, 169, 170; and nectaries, 256n69. See also leafcutter ants
Adetomyrma: larvae food processing, 118
age: Amazon scouts and, 161; becoming set in ways with, 124; of callows, 57; colony stages and, 186–87; color as indication of, 9, 54, 161; defense of colony by aged, 54, 55, 115; differences in tasks with, 9–10, 54–55, 113, 118, 193, 234n9; and risk taking, 54–55. See also life span
aggression. See discord within societies; warfare
agriculture: broad spectrum revolution and, 123, 247n9; division of labor and, 174–75, 200, 254nn23, 26; ecological release, 196, 211, 259n34; human history of, 196–97, 200, 259nn32, 34, 35, 262n29; leafcutter hygiene and, 175, 183, 186, 188, 192–93, 200, 254n27, 258nn14, 19; leafcutters and human practices, 182, 196, 256n59; monoculturing, 197, 200; non-human animals using, 172, 254n17; origins of, 172–73, 187–88; skills required for, 174. See also domestication; fungi; Homoptera farming; leafcutter ants; pesticides
air quality, in leafcutter nests, 173–74
Allegheny mound ants (Formica exsectoides), 221
Allomerus decemarticulatus, 94–95, 243n12
Amazon ants (Polyergus): behavior switching by, 235n10; breviceps, as slavemakers, 148, 151; colonies, establishing, 156–57; colony odor, 150, 156–57, 213, 251n3, 253n34; common name of, 148–49; helplessness without slaves, 150–51, 165; length and timing of raids, 150, 157; lifestyle of, 149–50; multiple raids, 161; navigation, 161, 164; pheromones, 164, 253n8; propaganda substance, 151; pupae as target of, 148, 150, 166, 167, 251n2;
pupae slaves, 149, 150, 166; queen, 156–57, 213, 253n34; raid on Formica, 148, 149, 159–64, 162–63; rain and, 164; range of, 148–49; scouts, 159–61, 162–63, 253n8;