Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [200]
defense, individual: climbing grass stalk, 79, 80, 87; exuding noxious chemicals, 87, 99, 128, 136, 156; fishhook-shaped spines, 127; freezing in position, 87; “lizard losing tail” style, 126; playing dead, 45, 87, 195; size of society and, 127–28, 248n27; “suicide bomber” style, 126, 127–28, 127
defense of society: by aged and infirm, 54, 55, 115; by army ants, 91; decentralized control and, 145, 223, 225; disaster responses, 29, 50–51; division of labor in, 56–57; by driver ants, 91; human comparisons, 223; by leafcutter ants, 171, 254n2, 256n77; by marauder ants, 54–55, 56–58; mass transport of members, 64; by “patrollers,” 27, 29; redundancy and, 223, 225; as requirement of social organization, 223; sacrificial brood, 251n2; sacrificial workers, 126–27; sealing off nest, 87, 126–27, 140, 142, 149, 206. See also combat and combativeness; warfare
defense of trails: by driver ants, 91; by marauder ants, 27, 29, 54–55
delayed gratification: group transport and, 63; slaveholders and, 167–68, 253nn17, 18
democracy, 78, 225, 229
Deneubourg, Jean-Louis, 212
Diacamma, 51, 52, 228
diet: agriculture and, 189, 196, 197; Argentine ants, 206–7, 208, 260n23; army ants, 45, 76–77, 81, 84, 85, 99–100, 104; assessing colony needs, 120; broad spectrum revolution, 123, 247n9; carnivory vs. herbivory, 45, 120, 190, 206, 247n47; generalists vs. specialists, 48, 85, 99–100; herdsmen ants, husbandry of, 190, 196; leafcutter ants, 181, 196, 197, 256n69; marauder ants, 45, 47, 48, 85; nutrition for adult ants, 118; predation vs. defense, 94–96, 245n4; slavery ants, 155, 165; social insects as food, 47, 76–77, 129; weaver ants, 116–18, 123, 129. See also bonanzas; carnivory; foragers and foraging; herbivory; patches and patchiness
dinosaur ants (Nothomyrmecia macrops), 125
discord within societies: as biological feature, 228; as creative tool, 228–29; multiple queens and, 61, 70, 228, 261n17; reduction through common identity, 215, 237n31, 248n30; reproductive conflicts, 9, 216, 228, 229, 264n32; size of colony and, 228–29; slave resistance, 154, 252n18
distribution, global, of ants, 10. See also mosaics
division of labor: absence of in simple organisms, 226, 229; agriculture and, 174–75, 200, 254nn23, 26; complexity and size of society and, 5, 146, 186, 187, 223, 226–27; costs of, 146, 226–27; defense of society and, 56–57; driver ants and, 76, 241n6 (ch. 6); fluid, in ponerine species, 228; human culture and, 69–70, 187, 226; leafcutters and, 174–75, 179, 186, 187, 200, 254nn23, 26, 257n85; learned, 181–82, 215, 222; lower attine fungus farmers and, 195; in nest defense, 56–57; nonspecialists, 38, 39, 69, 212, 223, 226; size of individual and, 38–39, 238n5, 240n6, 244n10; specialists, 38–39, 69–70, 99, 187, 222, 223, 226, 240n6; in swarm raids, 39–42, 76. See also age; castes; polymorphism; size matching
dolphins, 64
domestication: of cultivars, 182, 256n59; early stages of, 187–88, 257n1; of fungi, 188–90, 195–97, 257n9, 259nn32, 34, 42; global scale of, 188; reproductive control and, 189, 196–97, 257n9; social learning vs. genetics and, 189; as two-way process, 189. See also agriculture; Homoptera farming
dominants. See combat and combativeness
Dorylus (driver ants): attendant species during raids, 98; bites of, 72–73; as blind, 75, 79; catching of small prey by, 86, 243n1 (ch. 7); defense, 91; defined, 241n1 (ch. 6); division of labor in, 76, 241n6 (ch. 6); fear of, 73–74; foraging by layer, 97, 100; as generalists, 99; mandibles of, 97–98; migration, 83, 90, 91, 92–93, 94, 243n10; nest raiding by, 79–81, 80, 84, 85, 86–87; as omnivores, 45; polymorphism of, 99–100; rotting food, 90, 243n7; as superorganism, 85; swarm raids of, 23, 75–81, 96–97; taste of, 73; termite raiding by, 88– 90, 243n7; trails, backtracking on, 111–12; trails reused by, 83, 84, 243n25; trunk trails, 83–84, 91, 100; as weaver ant prey, 110–12, 123,245nn3, 4, 5; weight of colonies, 144. See also army ants; subterranean driver ants
Dorylus laevigatus (Malaysian “subs”): marauder ant compared to, 235n3; nests, 102; size of colony, 102;