Adventures Among Ants - Mark W. Moffett [201]
Dorylus sjöstedti: weaver ants and, 110–12
Dorylus wilverthi: swarm raids of, 96–97
Dorymyrmex (cone ants): cleaning of harvester ants by, 191, 191, 192, 258n15; defense techniques, 55
Dracula ant, 118
driver ants. See Dorylus
Dufour’s gland, 30
dung beetles, 63
early-successional habitats, 182
earthworms, 39, 65, 65, 98, 99
Easter Island, 230–31
Eciton burchellii: attendant species during raids, 98; complexity of society, 5; defense, 91; group transport, 68–69, 69; migration, 59–60, 81–82, 103–4; swarm raids, 18–19, 23
Eciton hamatum: column raids of, 84
ecological release, 196, 211, 259n34
ecosystem engineers, ants as, 17, 132–33
ecosystems: Argentine ants and, 205–7, 207, 211; Biosphere 2, 231; ecological release, 196, 211, 259n34; fire ants and, 220; Homoptera farming and, 133, 206; leafcutter ants and, 176; niches in, 132–33; stratification in, 133–34, 134, 249nn1, 3. See also agriculture; canopy; pesticides
egalitarian societies, 225, 263n12
eggs: anatomy for gripping, 7, 234n3; migration and, 58; nest organization of, 57, 113; queens laying, 60, 61, 97; raided for food, 47, 166; sterile, laid for food, 186; workers laying, 9, 229
elaiosomes, 207, 207, 243n8, 256n68
elephants, 64
elites, 222
Ellis, Darren, 73, 74
emergent brain, 227
emigration. See migration
Emmett, David, 118
emotions, in ants, 221
energy: carbohydrates as fuel, 172, 206; required for trail building, 177, 179; required for transport, 14, 135; surpluses of, 44, 128, 146, 223, 238n13
environmental control, 17, 132–33. See also territoriality
epiphytes, 121, 247n3
error and imprecision: built into systems, 223–25, 245n5; size of society and tolerance of, 78, 86, 103, 145, 227; as source of innovation and discovery, 112, 145; swarm intelligence and, 227
Erwin, Terry, 121, 122, 133, 135
Escondido (California), 202–4
Escovopsis fungus, 192, 193, 197, 200
Eudorina elegans, 226, 229
eusociality, 234n4, 257n85
evolution: of ants, 10; of army ant–style raids, 107–8; group and individual identity and, 214; mosaics and, 133. See also convergence; genetics
excess labor force, 27, 128, 248n27
excrement: as fungus fertilizer, 177, 195, 197, 198–99, 259n32; honeydew, 119, 121, 125, 206, 246–47nn41, 47; plant mutualisms and, 124; territory marking with, 115; trunk trail construction with, 114
expendability of labor. See risk taking
“exploding” ants, 126–28, 127
exploratory trails: in Argentine ants, 212, 260nn20, 22; in army and marauder ants, 31, 107, 237n13, 245n247; as binding force, 31; in fire ants, 260n20; in Leptogenys ants, 237nn13, 14, 24; pheromones for, 31, 212, 237nn13, 14; in termites, 32
expressiveness, 221
extirpators. See combat and combativeness
extrafloral nectaries, 119. See also nectaries and nectar
eyes and vision: anatomy of, 7; blindness, 20, 75, 79; navigation, 138–39, 161, 164, 250n18; visual acuity, 7, 234n2 (primer)
faces, 221
falling, 135–37
false consciousness, 252n19
feet, clingy, 135–36, 140
Felix, Faerthen, 157
feminism, 234n6
fighting. See combat and combativeness
fire ants, red imported. See red imported fire ants
fission, 60, 240nn18, 19, 262n247
flagging, 219
floating and swimming, 140–43, 142, 144
flooding, 140–42, 209
food: nondominant ants as reserve of, 129; exchange by regurgitation, 57, 64, 118, 120, 150, 166, 175, 181; generalists vs. specialists, 98–100; patches, 82, 242nn21, 22; processing for ingestion, 118; rotting, 90, 243n7. See also agriculture; cannibalism; foragers and foraging; hoarding; Homoptera farming; patches and patchiness
foragers and foraging: central-place, 56, 63, 113; convergence in, 22–23, 236n16; defined, 19, 235n10, 236n14; generalists vs. specialists, 98–100; in habitat layers, 97, 99, 100, 103; long-lasting food supplies, 82, 242nn21, 22; in pitcher plants, 142–43, 142. See also group transport; lie-in-wait foraging strategy; mass foraging; solitary foraging; swarm raids
forelegs, 7, 234n3
Forelius pusillus: protecting nest, 126–27
Formica (free living): aquilonia, 137; argentea, 148, 151, 156–57, 253n34; enslavement