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Free Men to Freedmen: Free Negroes in South Carolina, 1860–1866,” seminar paper, Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia. For examples of free black support of the war, see also Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for Sept. 3, 1861, Univ. of South Carolina; Henry William Ravenel, The Private Journal of Henry William Ravenel, 1859–1887 (ed. Arney R. Childs; Columbia, S.C., 1947), 50; Betters-worth (ed.), Mississippi in the Confederacy, 249; and Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 131. For the history of free blacks in the antebellum South, consult Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters (New York, 1974).

33. Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 174; James B. Sellers, Slavery in Alabama (University, Ala., 1950), 397–98.

34. Hope Summerell Chamberlain, Old Days in Chapel Hill: Being the Life and Letters of Cornelia Phillips Spencer (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1926), 131; Mrs. Nicholas Ware Eppes [Susan Bradford Eppes], The Negro of the Old South (Chicago, 1925), 110; [Sallie A. Putnam], In Richmond During the Confederacy (New York, 1867; repr. 1961), 179–80; Emily Caroline Douglas, Ms. Autobiography, c. 1904, Emily Caroline Douglas Papers, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. See also Susan Dabney Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter (ed. Fletcher M. Green; New York, 1965), 184. For a description of an unusual statue erected in Fort Hill, South Carolina, dedicated to the faithfulness of the slaves during the Civil War, see Mason Crum, Gullah: Negro Life in the Carolina Sea Islands (Durham, N.C., 1940), 82.

35. Russell, My Diary North and South, 119, 131–32, 233, 257–58.

36. Mrs. Anna Andrews to Mrs. Courtney Jones, April 27, 1862, Andrews Papers, Duke University, Durham, N.C.

37. “Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb,” reprinted in Gilbert Osofsky (ed.), Puttin’ On Ole Massa (New York, 1969), 66; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVIII: Unwritten History, 134.

38. Ellison, Shadow and Act, 56; James Freeman Clarke, Autobiography, Diary and Correspondence (ed. Edward Everett Hale; Boston, 1891), 286.

39. New York Times, Dec. 30, 1861, Oct. 2, 1863; Henry Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman: Passages from the Letters and Campaign Diaries of Henry Hitchcock (ed. M. A. DeWolfe Howe; New Haven, 1927), 71.

40. Cincinnati Daily Commercial, reprinted in Frank Moore (ed.), Rebellion Record (11 vols.; New York, 1861–68), IV (Part IV), 10. For comparable slave responses, see New York Times, Nov. 20, 1861, Dec. 1, 1862.

41. George W. Nichols, The Story of the Great March from the Diary of a Staff Officer (New York, 1865), 60; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 158; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 291. See also John Richard Dennett, The South As It Is: 1865–1866 (ed. Henry M. Christman; New York, 1965), 174, and Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 383, 576.

42. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 159.

43. Douglass’ Monthly, IV (Dec. 1861), 566. See also Bishop L. J. Coppin, Unwritten History (Philadelphia, 1919), 64; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 616; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 52–53; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 281; XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 2), 199.

44. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Miss. Narr., 52; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 122; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 64, 334; XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 2), 229; XVIII: Unwritten History, 113. See also VII: Okla. Narr., 2; VII: Miss. Narr., 12; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 105.

45. Ibid., III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 52–53; Elizabeth H. Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands (Boston, 1893), 6–7; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 28. For a different account of the “spelling-out” story, see Work Projects Adm. (WPA), The Negro in Virginia (New York, 1940), 44.

46. Washington, Up from Slavery, 8–9; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 348. See also III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 116; VI: Ala. Narr., 52; and Wiley, Southern Negroes, 18n.

47. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 42–43; XVII: Fla. Narr., 178.

48. Ibid., VII: Okla. Narr., 117. See also Wiley, Southern Negroes, 17.

49. Susie King Taylor, Reminiscences of My Life in Camp: With the 33d