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Southern States, 94; Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 55; Leland (ed.), “Middleton Correspondence, 1861–1865,” 101; Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 17–18; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 250.

32. Nichols, The Great March, 59; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XI: Mo. Narr., 54; IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 198.

33. Armstrong, Old Massa’s People, 301–02; New York Times, June 14, 1863.

34. Nichols, The Great March, 59; Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 83; Dennett, The South As It Is, 320. For images of the Yankees, as imparted by masters and mistresses, and for the reactions of slaves, see also Towne, Letters and Diary, 27, 29; Wiley (ed.), Letters of Warren Akin, 21; Taylor, Reminiscences of My Life in Camp, 7–8; Dennett, The South As It Is, 174, 319; Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 264; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 42, 107, 252; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 179; James E. Glazier to his parents, Feb. 28, 1862, Glazier Collection, Huntington Library; New York Times, July 19, Aug. 8, Dec. 4, 1861, Jan. 20, April 12, Nov. 9, 1862; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 383; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Miss. Narr., 162; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 162; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 136, 192, 214, 277; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 12–13; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 64, 70, 84.

35. Wiley, Southern Negroes, 14; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII and IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 348, (Part 3), 173; VI: Ala. Narr., 15; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 141.

36. Hepworth, Whip, Hoe, and Sword, 141; M. Waterbury, Seven Years Among the Freedmen (3rd ed.; Chicago, 1893), 87; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 201–02; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 277. For the reactions of slaves to the arrival of the Yankees, see also Beatty, Citizen-Soldier, 119, 124–25; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 525; George T. Stevens, Three Years in the Sixth Corps (Albany, N.Y., 1866), 59; New York Times, April 14, Nov. 23, 1862, May 19, June 7, 1863, Dec. 23, 1864, March 6, 1865; New York Tribune, March 2, 4, 6, 1865; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 142, (Part 4), 196; IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 4), 241; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 159; Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 83.

37. New York Tribune, March 2, 1865; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 151; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 15; Nichols, The Great March, 161–62; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 186–87.

38. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 210–11; VI; Ala. Narr., 53. For similar recollections, see II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 40, 43, 53, 105–06, 128, 235–36, 259, 264, (Part 2), 32, 290, (Part 3), 26, 91, 102, 144, 192–93, 195, (Part 4), 209, 257–58; VI: Ala. Narr., 79, 99–100, 162–63, 270, 405; XIV and XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 406, 425, (Part 2), 149; XVI: Va. Narr., 19; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 55, 108, 311.

39. Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 32; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 208–09; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 248, (Part 2), 278, 282–83; VI: Ala. Narr., 190. For examples of these diverse reactions, see also Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 10–11; Ravenel, Private Journal, 213, 220; Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, 193; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 20, (Part 3), 91; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 228; VI: Ala. Narr., 190; VII: Miss. Narr., 14; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 181; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 256; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 25; XVI: Va. Narr., 52; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 187.

40. Dawson, A Confederate Girl’s Diary, 193; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VI: Ala. Narr., 163, 373; II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 31; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 248. See also VI: Ala. Narr., 391–92, and IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 198.

41. Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 64; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 177; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 312; VII: Miss. Narr., 39. See also III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 26, 252–53;