Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [439]
118. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 251, 253–55.
119. Stone, Brokenburn, 171; Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for March 4, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina.
120. Wiley, Southern Negroes, 143n.; New York Times, April 2, 1865; Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 99; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 121–23.
121. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 112.
122. “Visit to ‘Gowrie’ and ‘East Hermitage’ Plantations,” March 23, 1867, Manigault Plantation Records, Univ. of North Carolina.
123. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VI: Ala. Narr., 81–82.
124. Ibid., II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 151.
Chapter Four: Slaves No More
1. Irwin Silber (ed.), Soldier Songs and Home-Front Ballads of the Civil War (New York, 1964), 41; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 212; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 117.
2. WPA, Negro in Virginia, 164–65, 201.
3. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary at the Confederate States Capital (2 vols.; Philadelphia, 1866; repr. in one volume, ed. Earl Schenck Miers, 1958), 528–30; Nevins, War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1866, 294; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 90; Rembert W. Patrick, The Fall of Richmond (Baton Rouge, 1960), 41–58; Jones (ed.), Heroines of Dixie, 398; Putnam, Richmond During the Confederacy, 363–64.
4. Christian Recorder, April 8, 15, 22, 1865; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVI: Va. Narr., 35–37; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 103, 145–46. See also New York Tribune, April 6, 1865.
5. Christian Recorder, April 22, 1865. See also Black Republican, May 20, 1865; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 212; Jones, Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 530.
6. Putnam, Richmond During the Confederacy, 367; Patrick, Fall of Richmond, 68–69; Phoebe Yates Pember, A Southern Woman’s Story: Life in Confederate Richmond (Jackson, Tenn., 1959), 135.
7. New York Times, April 11, 1865; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 67–68; Patrick, Fall of Richmond, 115. See also Christian Recorder, April 22, 1865.
8. Hope R. Daggett to Rev. George Whipple, April 1865; Mary E. Watson to Rev. George Whipple, May 1, 1865; Miss Frances Littlefield to Rev. George Whipple, May 1, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives.
9. Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 414–15.
10. WPA, Negro in Virginia, 205, 210; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVI: Va. Narr., 3, 5–6; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 36–39.
11. Patrick, Fall of Richmond, 117–18; New York Times, April 30, 1865.
12. WPA, Negro in Virginia, 266.
13. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVII: Fla. Narr., 103. See also XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 97–98. For a description of a plantation near Huntsville, Alabama, where both slaves and the master disclaimed any knowledge of emancipation, see Franklin (ed.), Diary of James T. Ayers, 26–29. The Emancipation Proclamation, formally declared on January 1, 1863, applied only to those states (or portions thereof) “this day in rebellion against the United States.” The loyal border slave states (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware) and Tennessee were thereby excluded from its provisions, along with thirteen Federal-occupied parishes in Louisiana (including New Orleans), forty-eight counties in West Virginia, and seven counties in Virginia which were “for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.” Wherever Union troops were in command, however, slaves generally assumed they were free.
14. Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for March 4, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; New York Times, Dec. 30, 1861; Christian Recorder, May 6, 1865.
15. New York Times, June 2, 1863; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S. C. Narr. (Part 2), 329–30; Jones (ed.), When Sherman Came, 235–36.
16. “Look to the Future,” Louisiana Democrat (Alexandria), June 3, 1863, quoted in Whittington