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17. Whittington (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Louisiana in 1863,” 494, 500, 501; Rainwater (ed.), “Letters of James Lusk Alcorn,” 201, 202.

18. New York Times, April 14, 1864.

19. Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 41; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 97; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 541; Scarborough, The Overseer, 149. See also Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 2), 310–11.

20. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 95–96.

21. Ibid, XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 248. See also VI: Ala. Narr., 225.

22. Ibid., XVII: Fla. Narr., 103; VII: Miss. Narr., 81; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 64. See also III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 136; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 204; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 208.

23. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 262. See also VI: Ala. Narr., 239–40.

24. New York Times, March 30, April 4, 1865; New York Tribune, April 4, 1865; Williamson, After Slavery, 47–48. For other post-emancipation celebrations, see New York Times, Jan. 3, 1864 (Norfolk), Jan. 23 and Aug. 1 (Savannah), July 12 (Louisville), 14 (Raleigh), 1865; New York Tribune, Jan. 13 (Key West), July 8 (Mobile), 12 (Raleigh and Columbia), 1865.

25. Rollin, Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany, 193–95; Williamson, After Slavery, 43–49.

26. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 520–21; Trowbridge, The South, 291; Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 308. For similar reactions, see D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 232; LeConte, When the World Ended, 85–86.

27. Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1273–74.

28. Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, 216–17; Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entry for May 8, 1865, Duke Univ.; Williamson, After Slavery, 34.

29. Avary, Dixie after the War, 152; Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 256; Burge, Diary, 112–113.

30. Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for May 24, 30, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for End of May, June 15, Aug. 25, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.

31. Ravenel, Private Journal, 231, 232, 238, 239–40.

32. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 133; Williamson, After Slavery, 33.

33. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 326; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 264, (Part 2), 168.

34. Ibid., IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 115, 29; VII: Okla. Narr., 114; V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 22; Macrae, Americans at Home, 211.

35. Mrs. Laura E. Buttolph to Mrs. Mary Jones, June 30, 1865, in Myers (ed.) Children of Pride, 1279. See also Burge, Diary, 113.

36. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 128; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 348–49. See also XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 133; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 60.

37. Col. J. L. Haynes to Capt. B. F. Henry, July 8, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands (hereafter cited as Freedmen’s Bureau), National Archives, Washington, D.C. See also Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 48, and Joe M. Richardson, The Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 1866–1877 (Tallahassee, 1965), 13–14.

38. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau (Washington, D.C., 1866), 9–10, 99, 154. For recollections of such meetings by ex-slaves, see Rawick (ed.), American Slave, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 178; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 37–38; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 34.

39. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 45–46, (Part 3), 70; Ravenel, Private Journal, 213–14.

40. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C Narr. (Part 1), 225; Macrae, Americans at Home, 209; Black Republican, April 29, 1865; Christian Recorder, Aug. 19, 1865. See also Christian Recorder, July 1, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 26; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 94; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 47; Williamson, After Slavery, 33.

41. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 179, (Part 3), 12, 78. For similar recollections,