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see IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 115, 164, (Part 2), 8, 248; VIII and IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 334, (Part 3), 156. For the concern of Federal officials, see 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part IV, 37; House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 146; Senate Exec. Doc. 27, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau made since December 1, 1865 (Washington, D.C., 1866), 83.

42. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 293–94; E. Merton Coulter, “Slavery and Freedom in Athens, Georgia, 1860–66,” in Miller and Genovese (eds.), Plantation, Town, and County, 361; Christian Recorder, Aug. 19, 1865, Jan. 20, 1866; Dennett, The South As It Is, 121–22.

43. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 60.

44. WPA, Negro in Virginia, 209.

45. Kathryn L. Morgan, “Caddy Buffers: Legends of a Middle Class Negro Family in Philadelphia,” Keystone Folklore Quarterly, XI (Summer 1966), 75.

46. Washington, Up from Slavery, 20; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, TV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 78, (Part 4), 82; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 256, 85.

47. Ibid., VII: Okla. Narr., 282; XVI: Tenn. Narr., 15.

48. Ibid., III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 119; V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 138; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 586. Nearly all of the ex-slaves interviewed by the WPA had a vivid and often detailed recollection of the master’s announcement of freedom. See, e.g., Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 82, 161–62, 208, (Part 2), 78, 199, (Part 3), 33, 36, 216, 234, (Part 4), 60, 124; VII: Okla. Narr., 150–51, 169; X: Ark. Narr. (Part 5), 18, (Part 6), 27; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 111; XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 2), 85–86; XVI: Tenn. Narr., 15.

49. Ibid., IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 208, (Part 2), 78, (Part 3), 33; Francis W. Dawson to [Joseph A. Reeks], June 13, 1865, F. W. Dawson Papers, Duke Univ.

50. Ravenel, Private Journal, 219; New Orleans Picayune, as reprinted in Semi-Weekly Louisianian (New Orleans), June 18, 1871; Loyal Georgian (Augusta), March 17, 1866. See also Burge, Diary, 98.

51. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 299; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 255; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 256; VI: Ala. Narr., 41. See also XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 280–81.

52. Ibid., IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 122, (Part 3), 66; XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 2), 85–86.

53. Ibid., VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 14; IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 139, (Part 3), 192. See also II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 314; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 110, 167; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 102; XVI: Ky. Narr., 108.

54. Ravenel, Private Journal, 240; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 186; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 228. See also IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 71, 162; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 349; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 236; Evans, Ballots and Fence Rails, 74–75; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 226; John William De Forest, A Union Officer in the Reconstruction (eds. James H. Croushore and David M. Potter; New Haven, 1948), 112–13; Perdue et al (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 3–4.

55. Avary, Dixie after the War, 183–85.

56. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVII: Fla. Narr., 130.

57. Ibid., IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 6–8; XI: Mo. Narr., 313–16; III: S. C. Narr. (Part 3), 278; XII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 278. See also XVIII: Unwritten History, 62, and IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 142.

58. Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 294; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 52, (Part 3), 53, 261; X: Ark. Narr. (Part 6), 27A. See also XVI: Tenn. Narr., 15, and Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 59.

59. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 283; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 141.

60. Josiah Gorgas, Ms. Journal, entry for June 15, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina.

61. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 79, 103; Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, 48; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 296.

62. Avary, Dixie after the War, 181; Chamberlain, Old Days in Chapel Hill, 130; A. A. Taylor,