Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [442]
63. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 532, 529. For the attempts of former slaveholding families to perform the house labor themselves, see below, Chapter 7.
64. Trowbridge, The South, 187; Elias Horry Deas to Anne Deas, July 15, 1865, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina.
65. Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1294, 1296; Charles S. Johnson, Shadow of the Plantation (Chicago, 1934), 131; Trowbridge, The South, 155–56.
66. Elias Horry Deas to Anne Deas, Aug. 12, 1865, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [c. June 1865], Glover-North Papers, Univ. of South Carolina.
67. Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 233. For white families who preferred to retain their former slaves, see, e.g., Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1323; Colored Tennessean (Nashville), Oct. 14, 1865; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 221.
68. New York Tribune, Dec. 8, 1865; Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [c. June 1865], Univ. of South Carolina. For a discussion of the insurrection panic of 1865, see below, Chapter 8.
69. Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 249–50.
70. Towne, Letters and Diary, 34–35; Nordhoff, Freedmen of South Carolina, 7.
71. Eaton, Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen, 35; Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entry for May 17, 1865, Duke Univ.; Colored People to the Governor of Mississippi, Dec. 3, 1865, Petition of the Freedmen of Claiborne County, Miss., filed in the Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House (New York, 1868), 73–74.
72. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 69; Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [c. June 1865], Univ. of South Carolina; Spencer, Last Ninety Days of the War in North Carolina, 187; Chamberlain, Old Days in Chapel Hill, 123.
73. Macrae, Americans at Home, 348. See also Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 142.
74. W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Rufus Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VI: Ala. Narr., 80.
75. De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction, 65.
76. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Okla. Narr., 131, 133; W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Rufus Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Dennett, The South As It Is, 199–200.
77. Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 105; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 189; Macrae, Americans at Home, 317. See also Forten, Journal, 134.
78. Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 109–14.
79. Reid, After the War, 478; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for June 15, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina. For the similar experience of Pierce Butler and his daughter, Frances Leigh, as they returned to their extensive rice plantations in Georgia, see Frances B. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation since the War (London, 1883), 14–15, 21–22.
80. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 540. A similar experience may be found in Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [c. June 1865], Univ. of South Carolina.
81. Edward Barnwell Heyward to “Tat” [Catherine Maria Clinch Heyward] [c. 1867], Heyward Family Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 154–55.
82. Avary, Dixie after the War, 341–45.
83. Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 209–11, 328–29; Pringle, Chronicles of Chicora Wood, 260–75.
84. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 54; Eppes, Through Some Eventful Years, 272; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 138, 147; Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries (entry for Feb. 27, 1865), 6; Rawick (ed.),