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New York Tribune, July 21, Aug. 22, 1865; Reid, After the War, 386n., 421; Andrews, The South since the War, 11; Dennett, The South As It Is, 293; Trowbridge, The South, 352; Alrutheus A. Taylor, The Negro in Tennessee, 1865–1880 (Washington, D.C., 1941), 226–27; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 52. For an example of integrated travel preceding black agitation on the subject, see the protest of a white Virginian after traveling by rail from Pittsburgh to Richmond, as quoted in New York Times, April 16, 1866.

85. Stephenson, Race Distinctions in American Law, 208–09; American Freedman, I (July 1866), 59; William H. Dixon, New America (2 vols.; London, 1867), II, 330–32; Reid, After the War, 386n., 421; Dennett, The South As It Is, 293; Richmond Enquirer, Sept. 7, 1867, as quoted in Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 52–53.

86. New Orleans Tribune, May 16, 1867; New York Times, Feb. 25, March 5, 1866; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 53–54; Colored American, Dec. 30, 1865.

87. Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 232–33; The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia (5 vols.; Atlanta, 1909), IV, 568; Trowbridge, The South, 161. For a denial of discrimination in “lunatic asylums” in New Orleans, see New Orleans Tribune, Oct. 19, 1866.

88. Loyal Georgian, July 6, 1867; New Orleans Tribune, Aug. 8, 1865; Williamson, After Slavery, 275–76.

89. New Orleans Tribune, May 5, 1867. For agitation in other cities, see, e.g., Loyal Georgian, July 6, 1867 (Savannah); Christian Recorder, June 2, 1866 (Baltimore); New York Times, July 9, 1867 (Mobile), May 27, 1867 (Nashville).

90. S. W. Ramsay, Office of the Charleston City Railway Company, Report of the Board of Directors, April 29, 1867, and John S. Riggs to R. K. Scott, May 3, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; New Orleans Tribune, May 5, 28, 1867; New York Times, Jan. 7, March 27, 28, April 2, 5, May 27, 1867; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 221, 225; Williamson, After Slavery, 281–63.

91. WPA, Negro in Virginia, 241–42; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 52; New York Times, May 1, 4, 8, 1867; New Orleans Tribune, July 8, 1867. For litigation and rulings by Union officers, see New Orleans Tribune, May 8, July 7, 1867; Freedman’s Press, July 18, 1868; National Freedman, I (Dec. 15, 1865), 362; New York Times, April 21, 22, May 18, June 19, July 10, Aug. 21, Sept. 8, 21, 1867.

92. New Orleans Tribune, Jan. 13, Feb. 28, May 21, June 25, Aug. 8, 20, 25, 29, 31, Sept. 1, 1865, April 30, May 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 1867; New York Times, Nov. 5, 20, 1862, May 8, 16, 1867; J. C. Reid, Superintendent of the New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad Company, New Orleans, to Hon. E. Heath, Mayor of New Orleans, May 5, 1867, Pierre G. T. Beauregard Papers, Louisiana State Univ.

93. Macrae, Americans at Home, 297.

94. Trowbridge, The South, 352–53.

95. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 21–22.

96. New York Times, Sept. 17, 1865; New Orleans Tribune, Aug. 15, 1865; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 56.

97. De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction, 132; Christian Recorder, Feb. 24, 1866. Turner’s remarks were also printed in Colored American, Jan. 13, 1866. For similar sentiments, see Christian Recorder, Aug. 27, 1864, Feb. 18, 1865.

98. Colored American, Jan. 6, 1866.

99. Avary, Dixie after the War, 377; New York Times, Feb. 4, 1866; Edmund Rhett to Maj. Gen. Scott, Aug. 12, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

100. Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 223; Ravenel, Private Journal, 246. For similar expressions of alarm over the stationing of black troops in their vicinity, see Dennett, The South As It Is, 32–33; National Freedman, I (Sept. 15, 1865), 264; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 170; Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 231–32, 263–64, 338; D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 170; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for April 7, 1865, Univ.