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23. Charles Stearns, The Black Man of the South, and the Rebels (New York, 1872), 43–46.

24. Williamson, After Slavery, 51; Eppes, Negro of the Old South, 115–17; Eppes, Through Some Eventful Years, 282–83.

25. William Henry Stiles to Elizabeth Anne Mackay, Sept. 22, 1865, Mackay-Stiles Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 52; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for July 17, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.

26. Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 212, 215; D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 248; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1280, 1287, 1308–09.

27. Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1280; Williamson, After Slavery, 40; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 38; Jones (ed.), Heroines of Dixie, 268–69.

28. S. D. G. Niles to Maj. Gen. T. J. Wood, June 13, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VI: Ala. Narr., 176–77; VII: Miss. Narr., 54.

29. Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entries for May 27, 29, 1865, Duke Univ.

30. Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Oct. 24, 1865, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; LeGrand, Journal, 263–64; D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 223; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entries for Aug. 22, Oct. 1, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; James C. Bonner, “Plantation Experiences of a New York Woman,” North Carolina Historical Review, XXIII (1956), 546.

31. Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entries for March 4, May 24, 30, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina.

32. Donald MacRae to Julia MacRae, Sept. 4, 1865, MacRae Papers, Duke Univ.

33. Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, June 17, 1867, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina. See also Eppes, Through Some Eventful Years, 311.

34. William Heyward to James Gregorie, June 4, 1868, Gregorie-Elliott Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 5 (see also 11, 85, 87, 93).

35. Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 54; New York Times, Oct. 8, 1865; 39 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 6, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of Freedmen [Jan. 3, 1867], 159; Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 84, 87, 94; Claude H. Nolen, The Negro’s Image in the South: The Anatomy of White Supremacy (Lexington, Ky., 1967), 173–77; Reid, After the War, 397.

36. C. W. Clarke to Col. Samuel Thomas, June 29, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Theodore B. Wilson, The Black Codes of the South (University, Ala., 1965), 45; 39 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 6, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of Freedmen [Jan. 3, 1867], 159; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 109; Williamson, After Slavery, 117.

37. Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Aug. 7, 1866), 108; Reid, After the War, 276; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 122; Edward Barnwell Heyward to Allen C. Izard, July 16, 1866, Heyward Family Papers, Univ. of South Carolina.

38. Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 71; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 74–75; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 109.

39. Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 53.

40. Mrs. McKenzie Parker to Mrs. William Mason Smith, Nov. 6, 1865, in D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 246; Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for July 13, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina. See also Eppes, Through Some Eventful Years, 309–10.

41. Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 145; Sarah M. Payne to Mary M. Clendenin, Sept. 30, 1865, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entries for May [26], 29, 1865, Duke Univ.

42. Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for May 3, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Avary, Dixie after the War, 188–89; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1280.

43. Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 36; Simkins and Patton,