China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [162]
133 Rural Survey Group, National Bureau of Statistics, ”Nongcun jiceng gongzuo yu nongmin yiyuan diaocha” (A Survey of Basic Level Administration in Rural Areas and Sentiments of Peasants), Zhongguo guoqing guoli(China’s National Conditions and Power) 11-12 (2001): 41.
134 Li Changping, Wo xiang zongli shuo shihua,20.
135 BYTNB10 (2002): 37.
136 Fan Ping, ”Biandong zhong de Zhongguo nongcun yu nongmin” (Changing Chinese Villages and Peasants), in Ru Xin et al., eds., SIILPS 2002, 257. A DRC report disclosed that collecting taxes and fees consumed more than half the work time of officials of township and village governments. Cui Xiaoli, ”Woguo nongcun shuifei zhengshou cunzai de wenti ji gaige jianyi,” 8.
137 Rural Survey Group, National Bureau of Statistics, ”Nongcun jiceng gongzuo yu nongmin yiyuan diaocha,” 41.
138 A survey of ninety townships in fifteen provinces by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 1992 found that almost two-thirds funded their payrolls through collection of illegal fees. In some counties, income from such fees covered more than half the payroll costs. Liu Shuming, ”Kao feigaishui jiejue nongmin fudan guanyong ma” (Will Tax-for-Fee Reform Solve the Problem of Peasant Burdens?), Zhongguo guoqing guoli 11-12 (2001): 43.
139 NFZM,September 19, 2002.
140 Yu Jianrong, ”Jinru nongcun jiceng zhengquan de hei‘e shili” (Evil Forces That Have Penetrated Local Governments in Rural Areas), Gaige neican10 (2002): 39-42.
141 Zhang Zhiming and Zhao Wenhao, ”Jiceng dangde lingdao fangshi zhuanbian yi kebu ronghuan” (Changes in the Party’s Governing Style at the Local Level Can No Longer Be Delayed), Lilun dongtai 1577 (2002): 23-24.
142 BYTNB 12 (2000): 39-40.
143 BYTNB 10 (2002): 37.
144 Ibid., 38.
145 Ray Yep, ”Can ‘Tax-for-Fee’ Reform Reduce Rural Tension in China? The Process, Progress and Limitations,” The China Quarterly 177 (2004): 42-70.
146 Liu Shuming, ”Kao feigaishui jiejue nongmin fudan guanyong ma,” 42.
147 In a poll of 2,001 residents in six cities in July 2000, 64 percent thought the country was very stable or quite stable, and only 9 percent thought it was unstable or quite unstable. Yang Yiyong and Zhang Benbo, ”Zhongguo chengzhen jumin shehui xintai de diaocha baogao” (A Report on the Public Sentiments of Urban Residents in China), in Ru Xin et al., cds., SHLPS 2001, 28-29.
148 Yuan Yue, ”1998-1999: Zhongguo cheng(A Composite Evaluation of the Sentiments of Chinese Urban Residents in 1998-1999), in Ru Xin ct al., cds., SHLPS 1999, 101-102.
149 Yuan Yue et al., ”2001 nian Zhongguo shimin shenghuo manyidu de diaocha” (A Survey of Life Satisfaction of Chinese Urban Residents in 2001), in Ru Xin et al., eds., SHLPS 2002, 40.
150 Institute of Macroeconomic Research, State Planning Commission, ”Zhongguo jumin shehui xintai genzong fenxi,” 19-20.
151 Tanner reached similar conclusions in his ”China Rethinks Unrest.”
152 Also mentioned as among the top three issues in the five-year period were environmental protection, education, healthcare reform, and social security (each issue was once mentioned the number three issue in the period); Yuan Yue et al., ”2001 nian Zhongguo shimin shenghuo manyidu de diaocha,” 45.
153 Sun Li and Zheng Weidong, ”1998: Zhongguo shehui xingshi yu gaige de shehui xinli diaocha baogao” (A Report on the Social Psychology of the Conditions and Reform in Chinese Society in 1998), in Ru Xin et al., eds., SIILPS 1999, 56.
154 Institute of Macroeconomic Research, State Planning Commission, ”Zhongguo jumin shehui xintai genzong fenxi,” 22.
155 Guo Yan, ”Laobaixing dc xintai” (Public Sentiments), Gaige neican 3 (2002): 21-24.
156 Wang, Hu, and Ding, ”Jingji fanrong beihou de shehui buwending,” 29.
157 Ibid., 27.
158 NFZM, June 13, 2002: the number of registered unemployed urban workers in mid-2001 was 6.18 million, or 3.3 percent of the urban labor force. Lu Jianhua, ”Shehui fazhan jincheng buru quanxin de kaifang jieduan