Crime and Punishment in American History - Lawrence M. Friedman [339]
138 Webb v. United States, 249 U.S. 96 (1919).
139 See, for example, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 1, 1918, p. 6.
140 Laws Minn. 1915, chap. 260. A doctor, however, could prescribe whatever he wished, “in good faith,” for the “treatment of a drug habit.” The Minnesota statute was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Whipple v. Martinson 249 U.S. 86 (1921).
141 Blackburn, Criminal Justice in Franklin County, p. 237.
142 Mary B. Harris, I Knew Them in Prison (1936), p. 260; there were thirteen women in the institution for Mann Act violations.
143 On Anslinger, see Musto, The American Disease, pp. 210-14.
144 50 Stats. 551 (act of Aug. 2, 1937).
145 See, for example, Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins, The Search for Rational Drug Control (1992); John Kaplan, Marijuana—the New Prohibition (1970); John Kaplan, The Hardest Drug: Heroin and Public Policy (1983); Ethan A. Nadelmann, “Thinking Seriously About Alternatives to Drug Prohibition,” Daedalus 121:85 (1992).
146 For example, Ore. Rev. Stats., sec. 135.907, offering “diversion”—sending a defendant to some program not involving jail—for defendants charged with possession of less than one ounce of marijuana.
147 See California Prisoners, 1952 (1953), p. 11; California Prisoners and Parolees, 1990 (1991), pp. 2-6.
CHAPTER 16. THE MECHANICS OF POWER: SOME TWENTIETH-CENTURY ASPECTS
1 David R. Johnson, American Law Enforcement: A History (1981), pp. 112-13.
2 William J. Bopp and Donald O. Schultz, A Short History of American Law Enforcement (1972), p. 110.
3 Eugene J. Watts, “Police Response to Crime and Disorder in Twentieth-Century St. Louis,” Journal of American History 70:340, 356 (1983).
4 Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice (1980), pp. 190-91.
5 Ibid., pp. 208-9.
6 Robert M. Fogelson, Big-City Police (1977), pp. 142—43.
7 Walker, Popular Justice, p. 211.
8 Samuel Walker, A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism (1977), p. 74.
9 Leonard V. Harrison, Police Administration in Boston (1934), pp. 31, 38.
10 Bopp and Schultz, Short History, pp. 108—9; Morris Ploscowe, “Some Causative Factors in Criminality,” in vol 1. Report of the U.S. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (1931).
11 Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 4, 1914, p. 3. The mayor’s comment was reported in the paper on Dec. 3, p. 2.
12 Zechariah Chafee, Jr., Walter H. Pollak, and Carl S. Stem, Mass Violence in America: The Third Degree (1931; reprint ed., 1968), p. 19.
13 Emanuel H. Lavine, The Third Degree: A Detailed and Appalling Exposé of Police Brutality (1930), pp. 62—64.
14 The account is taken from Ernest J. Hopkins, Our Lawless Police: A Study of the Unlawful Enforcement of the Law (1931), pp. 61—64.
15 Ibid., p. 64.
16 Cornelius W. Willemse, Behind the Green Lights (1931), p. 30.
17 Leonard F. Fuld, Police Administration: A Critical Study of Police Organisations in the United States and Abroad (1909), pp. 136—37.
18 Indeed, the chief of police of San Diego suggested that the city create an “Inebriate Farm” for “common drunks, and persons who neglect their families.” (San Diego Police Department, Annual Report, 1915 [Mss., San Diego Public Library].)
19 Walker, Popular Justice, p. 168.
20 See, in general, Francis Russell, A City in Terror: 1919, the Boston Police Strike (1975).
21 Ibid., p. 169.
22 Walker, Police Reform, pp. 110—20.
23 Ibid., pp. 84—94.
24 Annual Report, Police Department of the City of Los Angeles (year ending June 30, 1915), p. 59.
25 Quoted in Walker, Police Reform, p. 90.
26 Raymond B. Fosdick, American Police Systems (1921), p. 376n.
27 Ibid., p. 94.
28 Walker, Popular Justice, p. 243.
29 Fogelson, Big-City Police, p. 124.
30 See, in general, Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1991).
31 40 Stats. 230 (act of June 16, 1917); 40 Stats. 553 (act of May 16, 1918).
32 See, in general, William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903—1933 (1963).
33 249 U.S. 47