FDR - Jean Edward Smith [459]
For the text of the Litvinov Assignment, see 2 Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt 484–486, Samuel I. Rosenman, ed. (New York: Random House, 1938).
39. Quoted in Leuchtenburg, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal 207.
40. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 178 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
41. Hugh S. Johnson, The Blue Eagle from Egg to Earth 208 (New York: Doubleday, 1935).
42. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 178.
43. On January 7, 1935, in Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 U.S. 388, the Court, speaking through Chief Justice Hughes, struck down the “hot oil” provisions (Section 9) of the NIRA (Cardozo dissenting). Four and a half months later, in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), a unanimous Court completed the process and held all code provisions in the NIRA unconstitutional.
44. 295 U.S. at 501.
45. Press conference remarks, May 31, 1935, 4 Public Papers and Addresses 205.
46. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 252–253. Marion Dickerman, a houseguest in the White House when the decision was announced, reports that she dreaded going down to dinner that evening. But FDR showed “no sign of dismay or even minor perturbation. The Supreme Court was not so much as mentioned!” When Marion went to Roosevelt’s bedroom to say good night, “He was sitting up in bed with his old sweater on, working on his stamps. To all appearances he was perfectly happy and at peace with the world.” Kenneth S. Davis, Invincible Summer 134–135 (New York: Atheneum, 1974). The NRA was terminated by Executive Order 7252, December 21, 1935. 4 Public Papers and Addresses 503.
47. Executive Order 6420B, Creation of Civil Works Administration, 2 Public Papers and Addresses 456–457. Ickes proved surprisingly cooperative. “This would put a serious crimp in the balance of the public works fund,” he confided to his diary, “but we all thought it ought to be done.” November 6, 1933. 1 Secret Diary of Harold Ickes 116.
48. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 175.
49. The final total was $933 million, of which $740 million went for wages. 2 Public Papers and Addresses 457–458.
50. Quoted in Schlesinger, Coming of the New Deal 220.
51. Quoted in Harry Hopkins, Spending to Save 114 (New York: Norton, 1936).
52. Lieutenant Colonel John C. H. Lee, “The Federal Civil Works Administration: A Study Covering Its Organization and Operation,” Hopkins Papers, FDRL.
53. For FDR’s message requesting the SEC, February 9, 1934, see 3 Public Papers and Addresses 90–91. The act was signed into law on June 6, 1934. 73rd Congress, Public Law 291; 48 Stat. 881. The FCC message was sent to the Hill on February 26, 1934, and the act was signed June 19, 1934. 73rd Congress, Public Law 416; 48 Stat. 1064. 3 Public Papers and Addresses 107–108.
54. The Railroad Retirement Act was signed into law June 30, 1934. It was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court May 6, 1935, Justice Roberts speaking for a sharply divided (5–4) Court. Alton Railroad Co. v. Railroad Retirement Board, 295 U.S. 330 (1935).
55. FDR signed the Gold Reserve Act on January 30, 1934. 48 Stat. 337. The following day he issued Executive Order 2072, fixing the gold content of the dollar at “155⁄21 grains nine-tenths fine,” which was 59.06 percent of its former value. 3 Public Papers and Addresses 64–76.
56. FDR’s letter to Rainey, June 18, 1934, is in the personal collection of Conrad Black and is quoted at page 322 of his Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
57. When Roosevelt finished his address he winked at James Farley, one of the invited guests at the White House: “Jim, didn’t you think it was a good campaign document?