FDR - Jean Edward Smith [486]
44. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department 26 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969). Robert L. Beisner’s well-researched Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) deals primarily with the postwar period. His brief treatment of Acheson as assistant secretary of state under FDR (especially pages 14–15) is consistent with my presentation.
45. Hadley Cantril, “Gallup and Fortune Polls,” 5 Public Opinion Quarterly 687 (Winter 1941); Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy 302.
46. Sagan, “Origins of the Pacific War” 336.
47. Quoted in Feis, Road to Pearl Harbor 248. Also see Jonathan G. Utley, Going to War with Japan, 1937–1941 95–101, 126–133, 151–156 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985).
48. Robert J. C. Butow, Tojo and the Coming of the War 245 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961).
49. Feis, Road to Pearl Harbor 266–267; Heinrichs, Threshold of War 184–185; Butow, Tojo 259; Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept 261 (New York: Penguin, 1981).
50. Joseph C. Grew, 2 Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904–1945 1324–1325 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952).
51. Joseph C. Grew, Ten Years in Japan 423–428 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944).
52. Ambassador Grew’s memorandum of his conversation with Prime Minister Konoye is reprinted in Grew, 2 Turbulent Era 1326–1329.
53. Ibid. 1327. Grew believed the potential intervention of the Emperor added great weight to Konoye’s proposal. It was the device used in 1945 to accomplish Japan’s surrender and was always the government’s ace in the hole in dealing with the military.
54. Ibid. 1333.
55. Waldo H. Heinrichs, American Ambassador: Joseph C. Grew and the Development of United States Diplomatic Tradition 347 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966).
56. Heinrichs, Threshold of War 186. In particular, see Grew’s September 29, 1941, cable from Tokyo. Foreign Relations of the United States, 2 Japan 645–650.
57. Conversation between Stimson and Morgenthau, September 18, 1941, in 442 Morgenthau Diaries (MS) 45 ff. For Ickes view, see 3 Secret Diary 610–611.
58. Memo to Hull, August 28, 1941, 20 Pearl Harbor Attack 4406 ff.
59. Hull, 2 Memoirs 1024.
60. Ibid. 1024–1025.
61. Numerous scholars have speculated about the missed opportunity. One of the best analyses is by F. C. Jones in his authoritative account of Japanese expansionism: Japan’s New Order in East Asia: Its Rise and Fall 182–183 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1954). Also see Feis, Road to Pearl Harbor 274–277.
62. On August 14, 1941, just one month before the attempt on Konoye’s life, Baron Hiranuma, the minister for home affairs and an ardent advocate of peace with the United States, was severely injured in an assassination attempt. Grew, 2 Turbulent Era 1332.
63. Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War 729.
64. FDR to George VI; FDR to Churchill; both letters dated October 15, 2 F.D.R.: His Personal Letters 1223–1224, Elliott Roosevelt, ed. (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950).
65. 14 Pearl Harbor Attack 1402. Also see Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision 132–133 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962).
66. 16 Pearl Harbor Attack 2214 ff.; Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor 146–147.
67. War Department to Short and MacArthur, October 20, 1941, quoted in Watson, Chief of Staff 496.
68. Grew, Ten Years in Japan 470. Grew’s long cable of November 3, 1941, is paraphrased in Foreign Relations of the United States, 2 Japan 701–704, and reprinted in full in 14 Pearl Harbor Attack 1045–1057.
69. Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War 852, quoting “Tojo Memorandum,” in Tokyo War Crimes Documents. Also see Feis, Road to Pearl Harbor 293.
70. Togo to Nomura, November 4, 1941, quoted in Feis, Road to Pearl Harbor 296.
71. Memo, Chief of Naval Operations and Chief of Staff for the President, November 5, 1941, 14 Pearl Harbor Attack 1061–1062.
72. Frances Perkins interview, Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia University.
73. Hull, 2 Memoirs 1058.
74. Stimson