Freedom, Inc_ - Brian M. Carney [150]
20. Deci and Ryan define relatedness as “desire to love and care, and to be loved and cared for;” competence as a “propensity to have an effect on the environment as well as to attain valued outcomes within it;” and autonomy as a “desire to self-organize experience and behavior and to have activity be concordant with one’s integrated sense of self;” Deci and Ryan, “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits,” p. 231.
21. We prefer intrinsic equality, growth, and self-direction to denote people’s universal needs rather than Deci and Ryan’s “relatedness,” “competence,” and “autonomy” for two reasons. First, terms such as “competence” and “autonomy” have acquired specific meanings in management. “Competence” is often used as an HR term, as in rather command-and-control “competency management,” and autonomy is often discussed in “balance” with control within a company. Second, we want to stay close to McGregor, who talked about treating people as if they are good and about self-direction and self-control.
22. Dabney, Mr. Jefferson’s University, p. 6.
23. Ellis, American Sphinx, p. 338.
24. Ibid., p. 310.
25. Dabney, Mr. Jefferson’s University, p. 21.
26. “History of the Honor Commitee,” University of Virginia, http://www.virginia.edu/honor/intro/honorhistory.html (accessed June 12, 2008). Tucker’s beliefs in freedom and responsibility may well be the product of family education. His father, judge St. George Tucker, known as “America’s Blackstone,” was the author of the first commentry on the Constitution in 1803, in which he wrote: “A bill of rights may be considered, not only as intended to give law, and assign limits to a goverment about to be established, but as giving information to the people. By reducing speculative truths to fundemental laws, every man of the meanest capacity and understanding may learn his own rights, and know when they are violated,” quoted from View of the Constitution of the United States with Selected Writings (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1999).
27. The case is based on the following sources: Lars Kolind, The Second Cycle: Winning the War Against Bureaucracy (Philadelphia: Wharton School Publishing, 2006); N. J. Foss, “Selective Intervention and Internal Hybrids: Interpreting and Learning from the Rise and Decline of the Oticon Spaghetti Organization,” Organization Science 14 (2003): pp. 331–49; N. J. Foss, “Internal Disaggregation in Oticon: Interpreting and Learning from the Rise and Decline of the Spaghetti Organization” (working paper, Department of Industrial Economics and Strategy, Copenhagen Business School, 2000); Pernille Eskerod, “Organising by Projects: Experiences from Oticon’s Product Development Function,” in Managing the Unmanageable for a Decade, ed. Mette Morsing and Kristian Eiberg (Hellerup, Denmark: Oticon, 1998), pp. 78–90; Tom Peters, Liberation Management (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), pp. 201–4; and email interviews with Lars Kolind, January–May, 2007.
28. Kolind, Second Cycle, pp. 195–196
29. Ibid., p. 197.
30. Ibid., p. 207.
31. Ibid., p. 115.
32. Eskerod, “Organising by Projects,” p. 87.
33. Kolind, Second Cycle, pp. 209.
9: FROM MOTIVATION TO SELF-MOTIVATION, PART TWO
1. Warren Bennis and Robert Townsend, Reinventing Leadership (New York: Quill, 1995), pp. 66–67.
2. Ibid., p. 67.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., p. 68.
5. Ibid., p. 75.
6. Personal interview, August 15, 2005.
7. As Warren Bennis wrote in the editors’ note to McGregor’s Professional Manager (p. 14, note 5): “In … the scientific research laboratory… management has gone a considerable way toward [building a freedom-based environment]. The reasons for doing so have been largely connected with the problem of obtaining and keeping competent scientists, rather than with the acceptance of new ideas about human nature.” Indeed, freedom aspects have been built in R&D centers such as DuPont’s Experimental Station and AT&T’s Bell Labs to attract and keep a particular talent pool. The environment has not been built elsewhere in these companies, though. Today, approaches similar to DuPont’s and AT&T’s are used