God's Fury, England's Fire_ A New History of the English Civil Wars - Michael J. Braddick [413]
20. Ibid., chs. 5–6.
21. Stoyle, Deliverance to Destruction, pp. 90, 111–12. For Oxford see Roy, ‘Oxford’; for Plymouth see Carlton, Going to the Wars, p. 211. For epidemics in general, including the plague, during the civil war see Paul Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 1985), esp. ch. 3; for crisis mortality see Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, appendix 10, tables A10.1 and A10.2, figure A10.11. For plague at Newark see Bennett, Civil Wars Experienced, p. 117. See also Ann Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660 (Cambridge, 1987), p. 258.
22. Carlton, Going to the Wars, p. 211.
23. Joan Dils, ‘Epidemics, Mortality and the Civil War in Berkshire, 1642–6’, in Richardson (ed.), Local Aspects, pp. 145–55. For the figure of 100,000 see Carlton, Going to the Wars, pp. 210–11. Ian Gentles thinks it may be too low: ‘The Civil Wars in England’, in Kenyon and Ohlmeyer (eds.), Civil Wars, pp. 103–55, at pp. 106–7. For the national picture see Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, esp. table A10.2.
24. See above, pp. 317–18, 332, 378. For Hopton Castle see Carlton, Going to the Wars, pp. 168–9, 225, 258; Barbara Donagan, ‘Atrocity, War Crime, and Treason in the English Civil War’, AHR, 99 (1994), 1137–66, at p. 1152. See also Gardiner’s florid pen portrait of Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, a man of honour in command at Abbotsbury, Dorset, where quarter was refused to a garrison that had refused to surrender: Gardiner, II, pp. 94–8; Carlton, Going to the Wars, pp. 172–3. For the fear of ‘turning Germany’ see Ian Roy, ‘England Turned Germany? The Aftermath of the Civil War in its European Context’, reprinted in Peter Gaunt (ed.), The English Civil War (Oxford, 2000), pp. 249–67.
25. For the incidence of rape see Charles Carlton, ‘Civilians’, in Kenyon and Ohlmeyer (eds.), Civil Wars, pp. 272–305, at pp. 292–5; Bruno Ryves reported no rapes, and only one attempted rape, despite his consistent concern to emphasize women’s vulnerability to outrages: Mercurius Rusticus (London, 1685 edn), pp. 78–9 (See also pp. 97–8). For other examples see Ronan Bennett, ‘War and Disorder: Policing the Soldiery in Civil War Yorkshire’, in Mark Charles Fissel (ed.), War and Government in Britain, 1598–1650 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 248–73, at p. 255; and, for the Bishops” Wars, David Cressy, England on Edge: Crisis and Revolution 1640–1642 (Oxford, 2006), p. 85 (where it is associated with fornication and crime committed by men in arms rather than a means of fighting the war). For the resilience of codes of conduct see Donagan, ‘Atrocity’; Barbara Donagan, ‘Codes and Conduct in the English Civil War’, PP, 118 (1988), 65–95; Barbara Donagan, ‘The Web of Honour: Soldiers, Christians, and Gentlemen in the English Civil War’, HJ, 44 (2001), 363–89.
26. For the scale of change see Michael J. Braddick, Parliamentary Taxation in Seventeenth-Century England: Local Administration and Response (Woodbridge, 1994), esp. intr., pp. 271–6; Michael J. Braddick, The Nerves of State: Taxation and the Financing of the English State, 1558–1714 (Manchester, 1996), chs. 1, 9. The structure of public finance makes all these comparisons very difficult, particularly since the 1640s saw the collapse of one system and the birth of another: for a brief discussion see Michael J. Braddick, ‘The Rise of the Fiscal State’, in Barry Coward, (ed.), A Companion to Stuart Britain (Oxford, 2003), pp. 69–87.
27. Anthony Fletcher, A County Community in Peace and War: Sussex 1600–1660 (London, 1975), pp. 336–8; Hughes, Warwickshire, pp. 260, 263–9. For other local studies of the financial impact see Ben Coates, The Impact of the English Civil War on the Economy of London, 1642–50 (Aldershot, 2004), chs. 2, 5; Simon Osborne, ‘The War, the People and the Absence of the Clubmen in the Midlands, 1642–1646’, reprinted in Gaunt (ed.), English Civil War, pp. 226–48. For an overview see Bennett, Civil Wars Experienced; John Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces: The People of England and the Tragedies of War 1630–1648, 2nd