God's Fury, England's Fire_ A New History of the English Civil Wars - Michael J. Braddick [437]
18. Gardiner, IV, pp. 83–6, 99–101; Stevenson, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, pp. 103–5.
19. Ashton, Counter-Revolution, pp. 422–38.
20. John Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces: The English People and the Tragedies of War 1630–1648, 2nd edn (Harlow, 1999), pp. 174–6, 205–8.
21. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, p. 407; Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, p. 176; Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 242–3.
22. Gardiner, IV, pp. 125–6; Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, pp. 407–8, quotation at p. 407; Austin Woolrych, Soldiers and Statesmen: The General Council of the Army and Its Debates, 1647–1648 (Oxford, 1987), pp. 330–35; Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 257–8.
23. Gardiner, IV, pp. 132, 145, 154–5, 167.
24. Ibid., pp. 125, 127–8; Underdown, Pride’s Purge, pp. 97–8.
25. Woolrych, Soldiers and Statesmen, pp. 330–35; Underdown, Pride’s Purge, pp. 96–7.
26. Everitt, Kent, pp. 235–40.
27. Ibid., pp. 240–59. For the naval revolt see Bernard Capp, Cromwell’s Navy: The Fleet and the English Revolution, 1648–1660 (Oxford, 1989), ch. 2; Ashton, Counter-Revolution, pp. 438–48.
28. Everitt, Kent, pp. 259–60; Capp, Cromwell’s Navy, pp. 20–22.
29. Everitt, Kent, esp. pp. 251–4.
30. Ibid., pp. 258–65; Gardiner, IV, pp. 133–42; Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 247–9.
31. Gardiner, IV, pp. 146–9; Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 249, 251–3.
32. Gardiner, IV, pp. 149–54; Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 253–5.
33. Gardiner, IV, p. 145; Gentles, New Model Army, p. 242; Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces, 2nd edn, pp. 171–3. See, in general, Ashton, Counter-Revolution, chs. 10, 12.
34. Gardiner, IV, pp. 156–62.
35. Ibid., pp. 145–6, 173–4.
36. Ibid., pp. 145–6.
37. Ibid., pp. 164–6, 170–73, 194–5, 210–11.
38. Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 258–60; Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, p. 415. For the difficulties of recruitment in Scotland see Stevenson, Revolution and Counter-Revolution, pp. 105–11.
39. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, pp. 415–16; Gentles, New Model Army, p. 260. For the following See also Malcolm Wanklyn, Decisive Battles of the English Civil War: Myth and Reality (Barnsley, 2006), chs. 16–17.
40. For varying estimates of the size of the armies see Gentles, New Model Army, p. 261; Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, pp. 416–17; Wanklyn, Decisive Battles, p. 191.
41. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, pp. 416–18; Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 261–4; Wanklyn, Decisive Battles, pp. 194–9.
42. CJ, vi, 5.
43. Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, pp. 417–18; Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 261–4; Gardiner, IV, pp. 210–11.
44. Barbara Donagan, ‘Myth, Memory and Martyrdom: Colchester 1648’, Essex Archaeology and History, 34 (2004), 172–80, quotations at p. 173. For accounts of the siege See also Gardiner, IV, pp. 197–208; Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 256–7; Ashton, Counter-Revolution, pp. 473–5.
45. When Magdeburg was stormed on 20 May 1631 there was slaughter among the civilian population and the city was torched. As with the Irish risings of 1641, estimates of the extent of the devastation vary, partly because the events were immediately interpreted in the light of the larger confessional battle. For the memorialization and propaganda impact of this catastrophe see Hans Medick, ‘Historical Event and Contemporary Experience: The Capture and Destruction of Magdeburg in 1631’, trans. Pamela Selwyn, History Workshop Journal, 52 (2001), 23–48. Commonly cited estimates of population loss vary from two thirds of its population of 30,000 (Thomas Munck, Seventeenth-Century Europe, 2nd edn (Basingstoke, 2005), p. 18) to 96 per cent (Richard Bonney, The European Dynastic States 1494–1660 (Oxford, 1991), p. 203).
46. Donagan, ‘Myth’, pp. 173–4. For the laws of war See also Barbara Donagan, ‘Codes and Conduct in the English Civil War’, PP, 118 (1988), 65–95; Barbara Donagan, ‘Atrocity, War Crime, and Treason in the English Civil War’, AHR, 99 (1994), 1137–66.
47. Donagan, ‘Myth