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Clammy Cuphea, Cuphea petiolata, 110

Cobra Lily, Darlingtonia calfornica,102

Codiaeum variegatum: leaves of, 103

Page 211

Colonial nesting of birds, 7275

Coly, White-cheeked, Colius striatus, 64

Conder, P.J., 64

Conflicts among animals:

ritualization of, 26

Conservation:

guiding principles for, 15255

Convoluta roscoffensis:

symbiosis with green alga, 129

Conway, William G., 73

Cooperation:

and competition in the living world, 1720, 7896;

among animals, 9296;

in courtship assemblies or leks, 28, 56;

in foraging, 68;

among humans, 56;

in nesting and attending young, 7278, 9394;

among plants, 90;

between plants and animals, 9092;

in the rain forest, 5556

Cooperative breeding by birds, 7576, 9394

Copernicus, Nikolaus, 131

Cotingas, 28

Courtship assemblies:

advantages of, 2728

Cowbirds:

glean ticks from mammals, 67;

parasitic, 157

Cows: as browsers, 86

Creation: travail of, 19395

Créches (nurseries):

of semialtricial birds, 29

Crossbills, Loxia spp., 86

Crouan Frères, 124

Crow, Indian, Corvus macrorhynchus, 69

Northwestern, C. caurinus, 69

Cuckoos, parasitic, 157

Cup Plant, Silphium perfoliatum, 111

Curiosity:

curse of, 17577

Czaja, A. Th., 126

D

Darlingtonia calfornica, 100102, 102

Darwin, Charles, 5354, 11213, 114, 117, 12226, 131, 145,

quoted 14748, 14950

Darwin, Erasmus (Charles's grandfather), 114

Darwin, Francis (Charles's son), 113, 125

Dawkins, Richard, 23

Death:

biological significance of, 2930

Deer, Mule, Odocoileus hemionus, 57

Red, Cervus elaphus, 63

White-tailed, Odocoileus virginianus: caudal flag of, 59

Dio Chrysostum, 59

Dionaea muscipula, 11416, 115

Disillusion, earliest, 187

Dobie, J. F., 39

Dodo, Raphus cucullatus, 38

Dog, 39

Dominance:

advantages of, 62;

in artificial situations, 62;

as related to territory, 62;

in sexual relations, 6162

Dorst,Jean, 69

Doubilet, David, 58

Dove, Eared, Zenaida auriculata:

as "pest bird," 159

Droseraceae, 11114

Drosera gigantea, 111

D. rotundifolia,112

Drosophyllum lusitanicum:

digests insects, 111

Duck, Tufted, Aythya fuligula, 64

E

Eagle, Imperial, Aquila heliaca, 38

Ekambaram, T., 125

Elephants:

destruction of trees by, 87;

reducing number of, 158

Entomophthoraceae, 85

Epiphytes, 81;

relations with host trees, 8182

Euphonia(s), 91

Tawnybellied, Euphonia imitans: female feeds male, 69

Evil:

confined to the living world, 1617;

origins of, 1517, 33, 47

Page 212

Evolution, 54, 13537;

as self creation, 15

Exploitation:

of animals by animals, 8890;

of animals by parasites, 90;

of animals by plants, 8485;

of females by males, 89;

of plants by animals, 8588;

of plants by plants, 8084;

psychic effects of, 8889

F

Falcon, Laughing, Herpetotheres cachinnans, 156

Peregrine, Falco peregrinus, 57, 157

Fear: as cause of conflict, 3739

Fig trees, strangling, Ficus spp., 82, 83

Fish, cleaner:

mimicked by predatory fish, 68;

remove parasites from larger fish, 67

Fisher, Ronald A., 14849

Flicker, Red-shafted, Colaptes cafer, 22

Yellow-shafted, C. auratus, 22

Flocking by birds and mammals:

advantages of, 26

Flowers:

as bonds between plants and animals, 9091

Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophaius, 151

Food sharing:

as social bond, 69

Frazer, James George, 172

Free will:

as expression of inmost self, 51

Friedmann, Herbert, 73

Frigatebird, Magnificent, Fregata magnificens, 69

Fungi:

infest animals, 85;

mycorrhizal, 7980, 90;

parasitic, 8284;

saprophytic, 84

G

Gaia, 154

Gaur, Bos gaurus:

defence of young, 77

Genlisea sp., 10810,