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4, 89—95.

17. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 82—3; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 1—7.

18. Webster's Deluxe Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd edn. (New York: Simon and Schuster, i979), 5ii, i439.

19. Jerrold Schecter and Leona Schecter, Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History (Washington: Brassey’s, 2002), 52; Rhodes, Dark Sun, 55, 118, 137—8; Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell, 6, 63, 66, 76; Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America: The Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999), 195, 199—200.

20. Rhodes, Dark Sun, 153; Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell, 119—23; Weinstein and Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 195—6; Nigel West, Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War (London: HarperCollins, 1999), 124—8. Two other atomic spies, codenamed Fogel and Quantum, are implicated by Venona but have never been identified; see Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 16.

21. Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell, i24—6; Cochrane, Norris, and Bukharin, Making the Russian Bomb, 15; Schecter and Schecter, Sacred Secrets, 78; Alexander Feklisov and Sergei Kostin, The Man behind the Rosenbergs (New York: Enigma Books, 200i), 20i. Kurchatov did not think that Fuchs’s information helped the Soviets build a hydrogen bomb, though that is often alleged; see James G. Hershberg, James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), 878 n. 104.

22. Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), 378; Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 221—2; Yuli Khariton and Yuri Smirnov, ‘The Khariton Version’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 49/4 (May 1993). The story about Stalin and the plutonium comes from Andrew and Gordievsky. Holloway has the incident occurring in 1949, at the chemical separation plant at Chelynbinsk-40, and between different parties altogether; see his Stalin and the Bomb, 203.

23. Kramish, Atomic Energy, 40—1; Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 220—2; Rhodes, Dark Sun, 215—17; Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 321—2.

24. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 222—3; Khariton and Smirnov, ‘The Khariton Version’.

25. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 117, 128—9, z32; Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 44; Cochran, Norris, and Bukharin, Making the Russian Bomb, 10.

26. Rhodes, Dark Sun, 213, 223; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, 376; Kaptisa to J. V Stalin, 25 Nov. 1945, in Boag, Rubinin, and Shoenberg, Kapitza in Cambridge and Moscow, 372; Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 138—42, 147—9.

27. Rhodes, Dark Sun, 214, 314—17, 331—2; Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 176—7, 180-3, 186-9.

28. Kramish, Atomic Energy, 60; Rhodes, Dark Sun, 364—7; Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 196—201, 213—17.

29. Rhodes, Dark Sun, 367—8; Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 217—18.

30. Thomas G. Paterson, On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War, rev. edn. (New York: Norton, 1992), 63—4; Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945—2000, 9th edn. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002), 42—4.

31. Gar Alperovitz and Kai Bird, ‘The Centrality of the Bomb’, Foreign Policy (Spring 1994), 3—18; Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 253, 258—63.

32. Herken, Winning Weapon, 99; Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War (New York: Penguin, 1990 [1977]), 123, 135 —7.

33. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W Norton, 1969), 151—4; Herken, Winning Weapon, 98, 153—8; Melvyn P Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold Wjr (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 114.

34. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 154—6; Herken, Winning Weapon, 158—91, 224— 5; Leffler, Preponderance of Power,