Hiroshima_ The World's Bomb - Andrew J. Rotter [211]
60. Taubman, Khrushchev, 578—9, 602; Barton and Weiler, International Arms Control, 106—8.
chapter eight: the world's bomb
1. Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962), 65; Robert Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists, trans. James Cleugh (San Diego: Harcourt, 1958), 244; Memorandum to Members of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments from Advisory Committee Staff, 5 Apr. 1995, http://www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/radiation, accessed 13 Dec. 2006.
2. Daniel J. Kevles, The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995 [1971]), 379; Laura Fermi, Atoms for the World: United States Participation in the Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 1; Paul Boyer, By the Bomb’s Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 80; Leo Szilard, ‘The Mined Cities’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 17/10 (Dec. 1961), 407—12; Niels Bohr, ‘For an Open World’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 6/7 (July 1950), 213—19; Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), 784—8.
3. Robert A. Divine, Blowing on the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate 1954—
1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 90; id., Eisenhower and the
Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 112—13; ‘Atomic Bomb Shudders’, New York Times, 8 Aug. 1945.
4. Three books by Margaret Gowing are authoritative; see Britain and Atomic Energy 1939—1945 (New York: St Martin’s, 1964); Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945—1952, i. Policy Making, ii. Policy Execution (London: Macmillan, 1974). Also valuable is Brian Cathcart, Test of Greatness: Britain’s Struggle for the Atom Bomb (London: John Murray, 1994). See also C. P Snow, The New Men (London: Macmillan, 1960 [1954]); E. M. Fitzgerald, ‘Allison, Attlee and the Bomb: Views on the 1947 British Decision to Build an Atom Bomb’, Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 122/1 (1977), 49—56; Graham Spinardi, ‘Aldermaston and British Nuclear Weapons Development: Testing the “Zuckerman Thesis” ’, Social Studies of Science, 27 (1997), 547—82. Regarding wartime collaboration between Britain and the United States, see Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance (New York: Knopf, 1975), 67—89, 108—14; Gregg Herken, The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War 1945—1950 (New York: Random House, 1981), 147; Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar Anderson Jr., The New World 1939/1946, i. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), 458.
5. This account is based on Bertrand Goldschmidt, Atomic Rivals, trans. Georges M. Temmer (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990); Spencer R. Weart, Scientists in Power (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, z979), esp. 191—267; Jules Gueron, ‘Atomic Energy in Continental Western Europe’, in Richard S. Lewis and Jane Wilson, with Eugene Rabinowitch, eds., Alamogordo plus Twenty-Five Years: The Impact of Atomic Energy on Science, Technology, and World Politics (New York: Viking, 1970), 140—3; Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 159; CIA, ‘Current Intelligence Bulletin’, 29 May 1957, http://www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB184/FR09.pdf, accessed 7 June 2007; CIA, ‘Current Intelligence Weekly Summary’, 28 Jan. 1960, http://www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB184/FR12.pdf, accessed 7 June 2007.
6. This account is based almost entirely on Avner Cohen’s Israel and the Bomb (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998). See also Meirion Jones, ‘Britain’s Dirty Secret’, New Statesman, 13 Mar. 2006, and Howard Kohn and Barbara Newman, ‘How Israel Got the Bomb’, Rolling Stone, 12 Jan. 1977. For US