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• Classic-Fiction

John the Scot 376;

Leibniz, G. W. 534, 538–9, 541;

Pelagian heresy 339;

Plotinus 279;

Spinoza, B. de 523;

Stoicism 252–5

freedom:

Byron, Lord 677;

equality 256;

Hegel, G. W. F. 666–7;

Hobbes, T. 505–6;

Kant, I. 640;

Stoicism 243–4

Frege, Gottlob 739–40

French Revolution 654–6, 657;

Bentham, J. 700;

Kant, I. 640;

liberalism 545, 547;

Locke, J. 583–4;

Nietzsche, F. W. 691;

romantic movement 617, 619;

Rousseau, J. J. 636;

separation of powers 581

friendship 174, 234, 244, 621

Galen 396

Galileo 454, 484, 489–92;

Aristotle 198;

Descartes, R. 512;

dialectic 97;

Hobbes, T. 502;

law of inertia 486;

projectiles 198, 203;

warfare 454

Gassendi, Pierre 532

Geiger, George Raymond 736

genera 435

General Law, Zeno 245

General Theory of Relativity 207

general will 633, 634–6, 667

Genesis 299–300, 329–31, 379

Geneva 626–7, 628, 631

Genoa 457

geometrical theory of proportion 201–2

geometry:

Descartes, R. 513–14, 516;

Egypt 34;

Euclid 202–3;

Greeks 47, 200–3;

Hobbes, T. 502, 504;

Hume, D. 604;

Kant, I. 642, 647, 649;

Plato 44, 45, 125, 145–6, 201;

Pythagoras 43–5;

seventeeth century 493;

Thales 34

Germany:

anti-Semitism 403;

celibacy of the clergy 386;

Charlemagne 366, 368;

conversion to Catholicism 368;

Frederick II 410–11;

Hegel, G. W. F. 661–74;

history 667–8;

idealism 637–51;

Kant, I. 584, 637–51;

Marx, K. 706–7, 712;

Napoleon 679–80;

National Socialism 99, 102, 339, 695–6, 713;

nationalism 651;

nineteenth century 652–4;

papacy 387, 433;

Reformation 481, 482;

revolution 1848 707;

romantic movement 618, 657;

unification 653–4;

see also Holy Roman Empire

Geulincx, Arnold 514–15, 519

Ghibellines 411, 416, 441, 459

Gibbon 249, 310–12, 344, 351

Gilbert 493, 500

Glorious Revolution (1688) 550, 551–2, 563, 580

Gnosticism 305–6;

Albigenses 414;

creation 277–8;

Plato's theory of ideas 130;

Plotinus 275–6;

Posidonius 247

God:

Absolute Idea 664–5;

Aquinas, St Thomas 420–4, 425, 426–7;

Aristotle 163, 164–5, 175;

Augustine, St 330–1, 333–4;

best possible world 538–9, 541;

Boethius 344–5;

contemplation 175;

creation 142–7, 330–1, 494–5;

divine right of kings 564–5, 573;

essence of 421–2, 427;

form 163;

free will 534;

goodness 118–19, 344–5, 421;

happiness of 423;

Hegel, G. W. F. 664–5;

Heraclitus 51;

human knowledge of 423–4, 425;

John the Scot 377–8;

Judaism 293–4, 323–4;

knowledge held by 422;

Leibniz, G. W. 533–9, 541;

Locke, J. 559–61, 569, 570;

love of man for 526–8;

mathematics 45;

monads 533;

natural law 569, 570;

nature of 421;

Origen 307;

pantheism 330;

Parmenides 55–6;

permanence 52–3;

Plato 118–19, 123, 129–30, 142–7;

Plotinus 272–4;

problem of evil 245–6, 538–9;

Pythagoras 41–2;

reason 396, 420–1;

resurrection of 439, 440;

rise of science 494–5;

sin 323–4, 425;

Socrates 93–4, 133;

Spinoza, B. de 522–3, 526–8;

Stoicism 243, 245–6, 250–1, 252, 253;

theory of ideas 123, 129–30;

will of 422–3;

Xenophanes 48;

see also God, proofs of the

existence of;

Holy Trinity;

Yahweh

God, proofs of the existence of 628–31, 743–4;

Aquinas, St Thomas 420–1, 426–7;

Averroes 396;

based on emotion 628–31;

Berkeley, G. 589;

cosmological argument 535, 536, 643–4;

Descartes, R. 518;

design argument 535, 537–8, 644;

Kant, I. 643–4;

Leibniz, G. W. 534–8;

method 585–6;

ontological argument 388–9, 430, 535–7, 643, 710;

reason 396, 420–1;

Rousseau, J. J. 628–31;

Scepticism 228–9

gods and goddesses:

Augustine, St 332–3;

Babylonia 16–17;

Egypt 16–17;

Empedocles 63;

Epicureans 235, 236, 237–8;

Greece 19, 21, 22–30, 35, 40–1, 47–8;

Hellenism 229;

Heraclitus 49;

Hobbes, T. 503;

Homer 21, 22–3;

Judaism 293–4;

Minoan culture 18;

Mycenaeans 19;

Plato 112, 144;

Protagoras 82–3;

rise of civilization 16–17;

Roman Empire 263;

Socrates 91, 92, 93;

Stoicism 245;

Xenophanes 47–8

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 527, 679

Golden Age 62, 63

golden mean, doctrine of the 169, 176

Good:

Plato 109, 110, 119, 130, 131;

Plotinus 272–3;

Aristotle 168, 171–5, 176, 180;

Bentham, J. 699–700;

Boethius 344–5;

happiness